華語與事實相反如果句的假設性等級

The Hypothetical Levels of Counterfactual Sentences (ruguo) in Mandarin Chinese

本文站在認知的角度，針對華語日常對話中的與事實相反如果句進行假設性等級分布探究。本研究使用自然發生的日常會話作語料，將與事實相反的如果句分為四類：（1）有事實依據與事實相反如果句、（2）無事實依據與事實相反如果句、（3）與事實相反隱喻映射如果句、（4）與事實相反言語行為如果句四類，結果發現，在華語與事實相反如果句中，有事實依據與事實相反如果句其條件空間主要依據既有事實而來，因此擁有最高的假設性等級。無事實依據與事實相反如果句，由於說話者缺乏既有事實的參照，使得假設性等級隨之下降。然而，假設性等級最低的，則是與事實相反隱喻映射如果句。本文甚至認為其與一般具有假設功能的如果句之間，存在著假設性等級上的模糊性和一定程度的重疊性。至於與事實相反言語行為如果句，其假設性等級的分布範圍和有事實依據與事實相反如果句及無事實依據與事實相反如果句幾乎一致，只不過聽話者察覺其與事實相反性的方式不大一樣，並且偏重於語用層面的使用而已。

Based on the cognitive perspective, the present study attempts to examine the hypothetical levels of counterfactual sentences of Mandarin Chinese ruguo in daily conversations. In this study, the ruguo sentences in the data are categorized into four types: counterfactual ruguo sentences based on facts, counterfactual ruguo sentences based on nonfacts, metaphorical counterfactual ruguo sentences, and speech-act counterfactual ruguo sentences. The results show that the counterfactual ruguo sentences based on facts are in the highest conditional level because of their high degree of factuality, whereas those based on nonfacts make the level lower because they lack factuality. However, the lowest level belongs to metaphorical counterfactual ruguo sentences. This type of ruguo sentences contains some opaque and overlapped qualities on conditional levels, compared with the other common conditional sentences. As for the speech-act counterfactual ruguo sentences, their conditional level is nearly identical to counterfactual sentences containing both factuality and counter-factuality, but they are used for the speaker to perform a variety of speech acts. The four types of ruguo sentences reveal different cognitive processing ways for the hearer to recognize counterfactuality and the degrees of hypotheticality.