美國航行自由計畫對中國與臺灣領海主權影響之法律分析

Legal Analysis of the Influence of US Freedom of Navigation Program on China and Taiwan’s Territorial Sea Sovereignty

近年來，美國在世界各地主張航行自由計畫，挑戰對於過度主張領海主權的國家，其中也包含了本研究的中國與臺灣。美國在世界各海域行使航行自由權利時，對於領海國主權的碰撞，成為值得探討的法律議題。本研究從自由航行權的歷史開始，通過《聯合國海洋法公約》的相關規定，分析美國航行自由計畫的內容和政策，討論可能的利弊及對於中國與臺灣領海主權的影響。本研究認為，美國的航行自由計畫不僅應符合《聯合國海洋法公約》規定，也應併行透過外交途徑緩和其軍事性，與其所認定有過度主張的領海國多加溝通，避免可能的外交及軍事衝突，特別是與中國間的緊張關係。我國亦應調整國內法和國際公約的適用，以兼顧臺美關係，並致力維護臺海及區域的和平穩定發展。

In recent years, the United States has advocated freedom of navigation programs around the world, challenging countries that excessively claim territorial water sovereignty, including China and Taiwan. When the United States exercises its right to freedom of navigation in various sea areas of the world, the conflict has become a legal issue worthy of discussion. This research starts from the history of the right to freedom of navigation, through the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, analyzes the content and policies of the U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program, and discusses possible pros and cons and its impact on the sovereignty of China and Taiwan’s territorial waters. This study suggests that the United States’ freedom of navigation program should not only comply with the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but should also reduce its military nature through diplomatic channels, communicate more with other countries which have excessive claims, and avoid possible diplomacy and military affairs conflict, especially the tensions with China. Taiwan must also adjust the application of domestic laws and international convention to take into account Taiwan-US relations and strive to maintain the peaceful and stable development of the Taiwan Strait and the region.