類似性判斷的失範與規範──以《民法典》第646條的適用為中心

The Anomie and Reshaping of Similar Judgements—From the Perspective of Article 646 of Civil Code of China

《民法典》第646條的實質是類推適用，關鍵在于類似性判斷，類似性判斷賦予法官過大的自由裁量權，可能使裁判陷入恣意和專斷。通過對司法實踐適用第646條的526個案例的梳理和分析，可以發現類似性判斷失範現象比較嚴重，故規範類似性判斷就成了重中之重。因此，從方法論的視角對第646條予以闡釋和分析，進而提出適用該條的“四步法”，最後以司法實例予以證成，則類似性判斷不僅予以規範，而且以一種理性、可論證的方式予以規範。

The essence of Article 646 of the Civil Code is the application of analogy, and the key lies in the judgment of similarity, which gives judges too much discretionary power and may lead to arbitrary and capricious decisions. Through sorting out and analy-zing the 526 cases in which Article 646 has been applied in judicial practice, it can be found that the phenomenon of similar judgments being out of line is relatively serious, so regula-ting similar judgments has become a top priority. Therefore, by interpreting and analyzing Article 646 from a methodological perspective, and then proposing a “four-step approach” to its application, and finally substantiating it with judicial examples, similarity judgments will not only be regulated, but also regulated in a rational and arguable manner.