重新認識中國傳統地權——從龍登高、曹樹基與劉詩古有關傳統地權的三部著作談起

Reacquaint Traditional Chinese Land Rights--From the three works of Long Denggao, Cao Shuji, Liu Shigu on Traditional Land Rights

中國傳統地權習慣的發達，源於唐宋變革帶來的皇權統治與’’編戶齊民’’間的親緣關係。在皇權不斷加強的過程中，莊園制經濟走向解體，中國農業經濟逐漸走向無數核心家庭控制無數小塊土地、並可將土地自由處分的市場體系。（社會）經濟史學界最新成果表明，從宋至清，土地交易模式和地權類型不斷增加，土地金融市場不斷繁榮，從而使中國農業經濟實現了前工業社會的最高成就。在尊重史學成果的基礎上，中國法律史學科能夠憑藉自身的法學素養，在整理傳統地權習慣、溝通中國私法秩序的歷史與當代等議題上，做出自己的應有貢獻。傳統地權並非盡善盡美。尤其在與國家的關係方面，地權習慣導致的訴訟爆炸和徵稅困局問題，始終構成國家權力順暢運行的一個結構性阻礙。

Traditional Chinese custom of land rights developed from the affinity between imperial power and the commoner households brought about by political, economic, and social changes between the Tang and Song dynasties. In the process of strengthening imperial power, the manorial economy disintegrated and China’s agricultural economy gradually moved toward a market system in which numerous nuclear families controlled numerous small plots of land and were free to dispose of them. The latest studies in Chinese economic history show that from the Song to the Qing dynasties, land transaction patterns and types of land rights increased, and land financial markets flourished, thus enabling China’s agricultural economy to achieve the highest level among pre-industrial societies. On the basis of respecting the results of historical studies, the discipline of Chinese legal history can make its own due contribution to such topics as organizing traditional land right customs and bridging the history and contemporaneity of China’s private legal order. Traditional land rights are not perfect. Especially in relation to the state, the explosion of litigation and the taxation dilemma caused by customary land rights have always constituted a structural obstacle to the smooth operation of state power.