越南反中民族主義的政治基礎

The Political Foundation of New Anti-China Nationalism in Vietnam

越南的建國歷程與中國革命有密切的關係，胡志明曾以「同志加兄弟」來描述雙方水乳交融的革命情感，但事實是雙邊關係在冷戰中期走向惡化，1970 年代的猜忌以及1980 年代的十年衝突，同屬社會主義陣營的越中兩國關係劍拔弩張。冷戰終結，越南與中國關係正常化，革新的越南需要中國市場社會主義的意識型態支持與實質的投資，越中官方均想跨越歷史的傷口；弔詭的是，在東南亞安全局勢趨緩與越南經濟走揚之際，越南社會對於中國的投資與領海聲張的擔憂陡然升高，反中情緒迅速升起。越南這波的反中民族主義反映了地緣政治、歷史與國內政治交織而成的新興東南亞國家民族主義浪潮，目的在於回應區域秩序變遷所造成的統治正當性挑戰。本文擬由威權政體與社會之間於反中民族主義政治的歷史、中部高原地區的鋁土礦發展，以及海洋石油981 鑽井平臺抗議等重要個案，來解釋越南政府面對反中示威因應模式由鎮壓到支持的轉化，以及對於越中雙邊關係的影響。

The Vietnamese revolution had close ties with China. Ho Chi Minh described the mutual historical destiny between two nations as brothers plus comrades. Yet, bilateral relationship turned sour and deteriorated during the Cold War. The finger-pointing of the 1970s, and border conflicts of the 1980s contributed to serious tentions between the socialist Vietnam and China. The end of the Cold War, the normalization of bilateral relations, and the need of ideological support for Đổi Mới and direct investment, both Vietnam and China kept quiet on historical trauma. Ironically, as the regional security being relatively stable and economy kept growing, the Vietnamese society’s concern over China’s investment and its territorial waters claim soon escalated. The anti-China sentiment had risen rapidly. Vietnam’s new wave of nationalism in the past 20 years is a response to the challenge of legitimacy of the rule. This article intends to explain the Vietnamese government’s transformative patterns to handle anti-China demonstrations from repression to support, and its influence to bilateral relationship, based on th history, the development projects of bauxite in the Central Highlands, and HYSY-981 oil rig protests. The transformation of support and its impact on bilateral relations between Vietnam and China.