博物館人權教育之師資培訓：教師參與人權研習營之經驗與需求之研究

Training for Human Rights Educator at Museums: A Study of the Experiences and Needs of School Teachers Participating in Museum Training Courses

近年來，如何透過博物館展示，引領觀眾認識違反人權的歷史事件與困難記憶，並透過教育活動來達到人權教育的目標，已成為重要的課題。然而，博物館也面臨許多挑戰：如何透過人權研習營規劃，培育人權種子教師以連結學校與博物館人權教育？參與研習營的中小學教師之學習經驗與教學需求為何？本文選擇加拿大「蒙特婁尤太大屠殺博物館」及臺灣的「國家人權博物館」為研究個案，透過訪談館員及參加博物館所舉辦的教師研習營，瞭解舉辦教師研習營的理念與課程內容；並記錄參與教師之互動與提問，分析參與教師的回應與心得。研究發現，蒙特婁尤太大屠殺博物館選擇尤太大屠殺及加拿大原住民議題為主軸，透過演講、倖存者分享及工作坊，帶領教師認識相關議題並學習如何應用口述史及文物於教學中。臺灣的國家人權博物館則以演講、政治受難者分享及教案設計為主要內容，呈現臺灣多元的人權議題，但較缺乏應用博物館資源於課程中。最後，透過問卷調查，發現參與國家人權博物館研習營的教師，雖然肯定課程內容與受難者分享，但也指出具體應用在教學中仍有困難。另外，交通不便、學校課程緊湊、專業不足及家長反對，均是妨礙帶領學生參訪國家人權博物館的原因；本文希望博物館能提供導覽、體驗活動、教學手冊、影片與學習單，來輔助教學。透過兩組個案的課程比較及臺灣教師的參與經驗分析，期望提供臺灣的人權博物館未來規劃相關教育活動之參考。 Museums play an important role in human rights education through their exhibitions, collections and educational programs. Museums face several challenges in performing their roles, one of which is to support school teachers in using the museum as a learning space for human rights education. How should a museum prepare and support school visits by offering teacher training courses? What are the pedagogical experiences and needs of teachers who participate in courses at human rights museums? This study investigates teacher training courses and the experiences and needs of the teachers by looking at two museums: the Montreal Holocaust Museum in Canada and the National Human Rights Museum in Taiwan. By attending both training courses and observing teachers’ interaction and queries, we found that the training course of the Montreal Holocaust Museum focuses on the history of the holocaust and indigenous issues, and facilitates the use of artifacts and oral testimonies in teaching through lectures, workshops and survivors’ testimonies. The training course of the National Human Rights Museum presents various human rights issues in Taiwan by lectures, survivors’ testimonies and workshops to help teachers design teaching plans, but it lacks a connection with the resources of the museum. Questionnaires revealed that teachers who participated in the training course organized by the National Human Rights Museum were satisfied with the content of the course, especially the survivors’ testimonies, but they found there is still a big gap between what they have learned and how they can teach it. They also point out that inadequate transport to the Museum, a shortage of time, as well as insufficient expertise and objections from students’ parents are the main reasons that restrict school visits. In the future, they hope the Museum will provide tour guides, survivors’ testimonies, interactive experience, a teaching handbook, films and worksheets to facilitate their teaching.