中文近義動詞「拉、拖、扯」之詞彙語意與構式搭配分析

A Lexical-Semantic and Collostructional Analysis of the Near-Synonymous Verbs La, Tuo, and Che in Mandarin Chinese

基於語料庫之真實語料，本文從詞彙語意與構式搭配探討中文近義動詞「拉、拖、扯」的細微差異。在詞彙語意上，三者皆涉及以手施力於受事者，但施力方式與產生的影響不同，這也反映於隱喻與轉喻例子中。構式搭配分析顯示，「拉」搭配多元賓語與補語，凸顯位移方向，但實際方向取決於參照點；「拖」凸顯路徑，多與需沿平面移動的賓語及表達緩慢、疲累的補語搭配，表達其沿平面施力並受摩擦影響；「扯」凸顯施力方式，展現瞬間施力導致受事者位移的特性，偏好凌空移動的賓語及中性或負面補語。

Based on corpus data, this study examines the subtle differences among the near-synonymous Mandarin verbs la拉‘pull,’tuo拖‘drag,’and che扯‘tug’from the perspectives of lexical semantics and collostructional analysis. Lexical semantic analysis shows that all three verbs encode manual force applied to a patient, yet they differ in the manner of force application and the resulting effects, as evidenced by their metaphorical and metonymic extensions. The collostructional analysis reveals that la readily combines with a wide range of objects and complements, highlighting the direction of motion, although the actual direction depends on the reference point. Tuo foregrounds the path, typically collocating with objects that require movement along a surface and with complements denoting slowness or fatigue, thus encoding the effect of friction during directed motion. Che profiles the manner of force application, highlighting the sudden exertion of force that results in the movement of the patient, and it tends to co-occur with objects involving motion without surface contact as well as with neutral or negative complements.