胡適、蔣夢麟與一戰以後威爾遜主義的在華興起

Hu Shih, Jiang Menglin, and the Rise of Wilsonianism in China at the End of WWI

以往學界認為中國親威爾遜情緒之興起乃由喬治·克裏爾所領導之公共資訊委員會（CPI）宣傳所致。本文轉而關注留美之中國知識分子在紐約對威爾遜主義之樂觀態度;彼等所介紹之威爾遜戰後國際秩序理想化之願景，最終導致國人對伍德羅·威爾遜於一戰結束時宣導「民族自決」倡議之空前期待。文章論證了像胡適和蔣夢麟這樣的美國訓練的中國知識分子，以及他們帶回中國的美國知識，最終促成了「威爾遜時刻」的興衰，並對二十世紀上半葉的中美關係產生了深遠的影響。排華法案加強了限制華人移民的立法措施，並強化了美國的種族排斥政策。接受過美國教育並擁護威爾遜政治的中國知識分子，對受到排華法案迫害的華工的苦難保持默，也未曾批判威爾遜式民主所包含的種族主義因素。相反，他們將威爾遜戰後國際秩序的理想主義視野引入中國，最終在第一次世界大戰結束時引發了對伍德羅·威爾遜宣導的「自決」理念的前所未有的熱望與幻滅。

Past scholarship has attributed the rise of pro-Wilsonianism in China to the Committee on Public Information（CPI）, a wartime propaganda organization led by George Creel（1876-1953）and his Shanghai office. This article shifts the focus to the optimistic pro-Wilsonian views held by American-trained Chinese intellectuals in New York. It foregrounds the neglected role of transnational individuals in this transmission of ideas and knowledge across the Pacific, and argues that American-trained Chinese intellectuals such as Hu Shih胡適（1891- 1962）and Jiang Menglin蔣夢麟（1886-1964）and their interpretations of American political ideals for a Chinese audience ultimately contributed to the enthusiasm for and eventual disillusionment with the“Wilsonian Moment”in China. The Chinese Exclusion Act, however, enforced legislative measures that restricted Chinese immigration and reinforced racial exclusion policies in the United States. Meanwhile, the American-trained Chinese intellectuals who embraced Wilsonian politics remained curiously silent towards the racist aspects of Wilsonian democracy, and their vision towards the Wilsonian postwar international order later introduced to China continued to contribute to the expectations for Woodrow Wilson by the end of WWI. When it became clear that Woodrow Wilson had a limited intention of extending anti-colonial promises to non-white audiences, the Chinese intellectuals’faith in Wilsonian principles was shattered.