「牽制」與「策應」：北宋應對西夏的軍事行動機制

“Pinning”and“Reinforcing”: Northern Song’s Mechanism of Defense against Xixia

本文探討北宋對西夏邊防的軍事行動機制，運用以往被忽略的「牽制」及「策應」觀察邊防上的發展。從宋仁宗朝（1022-1063）西夏進攻起，宋人即苦於在漫長邊疆上應付西夏軍，因而部分邊疆帥臣提出各路互相支援之議，不過中央並無定見，仍是各自為戰的狀態，後來朝廷及帥臣態度屢屢搖擺。經歷宋神宗朝（1067-1085）的戰爭失敗後，「牽制」及「策應」在宋哲宗朝（1085-1100）成為朝臣的共識，兩者並重，依各路地形設定行動規範，亦在實戰中獲得成果。從出土文書可見，直至北宋末年的陝西仍有相關機制，直到陝西完全失陷於金人為止。

This essay explores the frontier defense mechanism of Northern Song China, which aimed to counter the Tangut Xixia, by focusing on the concepts of“pinning”(qianzhi) and“reinforcing”(ceying). The Song struggled with handling raids and invasions by Xixia since the reign of Renzong (1022-1063). Lacking consensus at court, proposals for frontier circuits to mutually reinforce one another were not effectively implemented. After the costly war that failed to annex Xixia in the reign of Shenzong (1067-1085),“pinning”and“reinforcing”were adopted by the court. During Zhezong’s reign (1085-1100), recognising the strategic importance of frontier topography, the court established a defense mechanism that emphasized mutual reinforcement among neighbor circuits and counter-invasions in response to Xixia incursions. This defense mechanism, according to unearthed documents, continued to operate in the Shaanxi region until it collapsed under Jurchen Jin forces during the destruction of Northern Song.