太和鑄幣中的境外銅源：亞洲內部互動與北魏對外關係

Foreign Copper Sources in Taihe Coins: Intra-Asian Interactions and Northern Wei’s Foreign Relations

以往研究針對北魏孝文帝（467-499，471-499在位）鑄造銅錢這樁北朝經濟大事，大多著重在其背後的貨幣思想與鑄幣品質，本文則是著重討論其銅料來源。魏晉南北朝究竟是自然經濟或是貨幣經濟尚有待解答，不過雙方論述皆有觀察到此時期仍有銅錢的出沒，本篇試圖具體勾勒北魏建國以後貨幣發展的背景。相較之前焦點大致放在今之中國境內討論此時期的貨幣發展，本文則將視角推向亞洲內部關係來進行討論。北魏立國時領土主要在今之中國北方，首都在今山西大同的平城，原本還是以游牧經濟為主，但鄰近包括今之甘肅、寧夏、青海的涼州地區。因漢朝與包括今新疆及西亞的西域擴大交流之故，涼州有銅錢的使用。加上中原戰亂之時，涼州地區較為太平，銅錢經濟相對中原發達。此外，西域本身也有許多產銅地區與使用貨幣的習慣。
北魏太武帝（408-452，424-452在位）之後，北魏與涼州乃至西域的往來，雖然早先被在今之內外蒙古地區的柔然與在今青海、甘肅一帶的吐谷渾所阻，不過在太武帝打敗柔然之後，占領整個涼州與控制西域地區，戰時的掠奪及之後轉向和平的朝貢與互市也使北魏取得更多的銅料。此方法也適用於敵對的南朝宋、齊。南朝產銅遠較北朝為多，南朝又有東南亞乃至南亞國家朝貢或互市得來的銅。北魏再藉由爭伐與互市由南朝取得銅料。經過上述北魏對外關係與亞洲內部的互動，北魏在太武帝、文成帝（440-465，452-465在位）與獻文帝（454-476，466-471在位）年間已可使用多餘銅料在京師鑄造佛像，銅錢也用與高句麗和親，待孝文帝遷都洛陽時，已有相當庫存的銅料可用以製作太和五銖。

Most previous studies on the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei (467-499, r. 471-499) minting copper coins, a major economic event in the Northern Dynasty, focused on the currency ideas behind and the quality of the coins. This article, however, focuses on the source of copper. Compared with the previous debates on whether the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties had a natural economy or currency economy regarding its currency history, this article specifically outlines the background of currency economy development in Northern Wei. Compared with the previous discussions on the currency development in the Dynasties which focused on the perspective of modern China territory, this article expands the perspective to internal relations among Asian countries. When Northern Wei was founded, its territory was mainly in present-day northern China. When its capital was in today’s Pingcheng in Datong, Shanxi, it had a nomadic economy. Its neighboring areas included Liangzhou, which is now Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai. Due to the expansion of exchanges between Han and the Western Regions, including present-day Xinjiang and parts of West Asia, Liangzhou used copper coins. The Western Regions themselves were also rich in copper. Moreover, during the discord times in the mainland, Liangzhou was relatively peaceful, and its copper coin economy was more developed than in the mainland. After Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei (408-452, r. 424- 452), the communications between Northern Wei and Liangzhou and even the Western Regions was first blocked by Rouran in present-day Inner and Outer Mongolia and Tuyuhun in present-day Qinghai and Gansu, but they had learned about the coin economy from northern Liangzhou. After Emperor Taiwu defeated Rouran, he first obtained northern Liangzhou and then the entire Liangzhou. The plunder during the wars and the subsequent peaceful tribute and trading also enabled the Northern Wei to obtain more copper. From Emperor Taiwu to Emperor Xiaowen, Northern Wei’s corresponding southern dynasties were Song and Qi. The southern dynasties inherently produced more copper than the northern dynasties do, and they also obtained copper from Southeast Asia and even South Asia as tributes or traded goods. Northern Wei then obtained copper from the southern dynasties via wars or trading. During the reigns of Emperor Taiwu, Emperor Wencheng (440-465, r. 452-465) and Emperor Xianwen (454-476, r. 466-471), surplus copper was sufficient for them to cast Buddha statues in the capital. Copper coins were also used to make marriage alliances with Goguryeo. After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he further expanded the territory, and therefore better quality and larger copper coins were minted.