國民所得、學習素養與學習素養的標準差之庫茲涅茨曲線的探索

Exploration of the Kuznets Curve of National Income, Learning Literacy and Standard Deviation of Learning Literacy

本研究探討80個國家的國民所得、學習素養及其離散程度之關係，蒐集PISA 2022資料，研究發現：國民所得、數學、科學與閱讀素養之間具有庫茲涅茨曲線（Kuznets curve）特性。每增加1,000美元可提高學習素養1.00%；國民所得在78,896美元至82,645美元，學習素養最高，在此門檻之後就減少。國民所得與學習素養標準差之間也具有此特性，每增加1,000美元提高學習素養的標準差1.10%至1.22%；國民所得在72,611美元至87,230美元，學習素養的標準差最適切。2022年臺灣62,696美元，數學、科學及閱讀素養高出80個國家平均水準各有52.76分、35.28分、25.04分；數學素養標準差高於平均水準15.93分，雖然臺灣學生學習素養高，但仍分散性大，學生之間學習素養落差大。各國應依庫茲涅茨曲線所在位置，提出改善經濟發展與學習素養策略。

This study explores the relationship between national income, learning literacy and their dispersion in 80 countries, collected PISA 2022 data, and found that there was a Kuznets curve characteristic between national income, mathematics, science and reading literacy. Each additional $1,000 increased learning literacy by 1.00%. Learning literacy was highest when national income was between $78,896 and $82,645, and it decreased after this threshold. This characteristic also existed between national income and the standard deviation of learning literacy. Every increase of US$1,000 increased the standard deviation of learning literacy by 1.10% to 1.22%; the standard deviation of learning literacy was most appropriate when the national income was between US$72,611 and US$87,230. In 2022, Taiwan's GDP was US$62,696. Its math, science, and reading literacy were 52.76 points, 35.28 points, and 25.04 points higher than the average of 80 countries, respectively. Its math literacy standard deviation was 15.93 points higher than the average. Although Taiwanese students had high learning literacy, there was still a large dispersion, and there was a large gap in learning literacy among students. Countries should propose strategies to improve economic development and learning literacy based on the position of the Kuznets curve.