論全國人大常委會備案審查的柔性與剛性

全國人大常委會備案審查既有柔性特徵，也有剛性特徵，二者並存具有複雜成因。備案審查職權的構造與審查機關的憲法地位等因素共同形塑了其柔性與剛性。備案審查職權構造與監督權作用方式中的政治、法律二元性是其內因。全國人大常委會相對其他國家機關最高地位的相對性、國家權力的合理分工與協調配合原則，使得其開展備案審查時必須兼顧制度權威的政治、法律二元性，這些因素構成其外因。備案審查的對象、標準與處理有不同類型，應注意其依據與效果上的差異。應審慎進行政治性審查，可逐步以詢問、聽取報告等方式替代;適當性審查應尊重權力分工，基於不同對象類型化地採用柔性處理方式;在進行合憲性、合法性審查時，應提高說理水平，明確規範判斷，相機行使憲法、法律解釋權強化制度權威。

The record and review mechanism of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) exhibits both flexible and rigid features, whose coexistence stems from complex causes. The construction of record-and-review powers and the constitutional status of the reviewing body together shape this dual character. The political-legal duality inherent in the design of the record-and-review power and the mode of exercising supervisory authority constitutes the internal factor. The relative supremacy of the NPCSC compared with other state organs, and the principle of reasonable division and coordination of state powers, require that the NPCSC, when conducting record and review, must take into account both institutional authority and the political-legal duality; these form the external factors. Different types of record-and-review objects, standards, and dispositions exist, and their respective bases and effects should be distinguished. Political review should be carried out prudently and may gradually be replaced by inquiries, hearing of reports, and similar measures. Appropriateness review should respect the division of powers and adopt flexible responses depending on the type of object under review. When conducting constitutionality and legality review, the level of reasoning should be raised, normative judgments clarified, and, where appropriate, the power of constitutional and statutory interpretation exercised in order to strengthen institutional authority.