論紀檢監察證據標準的“差序──協同”結構

紀檢監察證據標準是紀檢監察案件證明標準的具體化。該標準是一個複合概念，依案件類型可分為違紀、職務違法、職務犯罪三類證據標準，每類均涉及定性、處分處置、程序等不同維度的證據標準。紀檢監察機關辦理案件的價值追求、證明對象、取證權限與程序要求等實踐性因素，以及紀檢監察人員認定不同類型案件事實的謹慎程度這一認識論因素，共同塑造了紀檢監察證據標準的“差序—協同”結構。在此結構中，不同類型、維度的證據標準之間既呈差異化、層次化的“差序格局”，又彼此關聯、相互作用，並存在動態調整、轉化銜接乃至競合的情形。該理論模型突破傳統證據標準理論對訴訟程序、單一標準和實體性證據的路徑依賴，揭示了紀法貫通場景下差異化證據標準的協同運行機理，可為多類型、多維度案件事實的證明及其證據標準的建構與適用提供理論證成與方法論指引。

The evidentiary standard in disciplinary inspection and supervision is the concretization of the general proof standard in such cases. This standard is a composite concept that, depending on the type of case, may be divided into three categories: disciplinary violation, duty-related illegality, and duty-related crime. Each category involves evidentiary standards across different dimensions, including characterization, sanction/disposition, and procedural requirements. The evidentiary standard is jointly shaped by practical factors—such as the value-orientation of disciplinary inspection and supervision in handling cases, the objects of proof, the scope of investigative powers, and procedural requirements—and by epistemological factors, particularly the degree of caution that investigators exercise when determining the facts of different types of cases. These factors together give rise to a“differentiated-coordinated”structure of evidentiary standards. Within this structure, evidentiary standards across different categories and dimensions are differentiated and hierarchical, yet also interconnected and mutually influential. They may undergo dynamic adjustment, transformation, linkage, and even competition. This theoretical model breaks through the path dependence of traditional theories of evidentiary standards that focus on adjudicative procedures, single uniform standards, and substantive evidence. It reveals the mechanism by which differentiated evidentiary standards operate in a coordinated manner in the integrated disciplinarylegal context. It thus provides theoretical justification and methodological guidance for the proof of facts and the construction and application of evidentiary standards in multi-type, multi-dimensional cases.