國際領土法理論的英國塑造：歷史、影響與反思

英國領土法學說對當代領土法理論有重要影響。在19世紀殖民地爭奪的背景下，領土法學說體系初步形成，但不同學者的具體觀點存在明顯差異。以上因素為英國領土法學說的興起創造了條件。在1884至1885年柏林西非會議前後的領土法爭論中，英國學者逐步確立起一致的理論立場，強調有效佔領和實際控制，否認原住民的領土主權。同時，實證主義的方法論是英國學說保持內在一致性和外部適應性的關鍵，以及擴大國際影響力的基礎。進入20世紀後，隨著殖民地基本瓜分完畢、國際仲裁興起，英國學說開始被塑造為現代領土法理論的主流範式。二戰後，英國傳統學說得到一定發展，新學說在國際學術界取得了支配性地位，但仍保留了19世紀殖民主義、形式主義和保守主義的核心觀念。領土法中存在複雜的理論觀點和多元的歷史敘事，中國有可能也有必要從中尋找理論對話和規則重構的思想資源。

The contemporary legal theories of territorial acquisitions are deeply rooted in British legal doctrines. In the 19th century, a doctrinal system of law of territory took shape in the context of scrambling for colonies, but scholarly opinions varied greatly on specific questions, which made the emerging of British doctrines possible. In debates centered around the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference on Western Africa, British international lawyers developed unified doctrines that emphasized effective occupation and actual control and denied native territorial sovereignty. A positivist method was key to the uniformity and adaptability of British ideas and guaranteed their international impacts. After territories had been split up among colonial powers and international arbitration became popular in the 20th century, British doctrines were gradually mainstreamed in the modern legal theory of territory. These doctrines were modified by a postwar British-led school and became dominant worldwide. However, they also reproduced the core ideas of colonialism, formalism and conservatism from their 19th-century predecessors. There are complex theoretical ideas and multiple historical narratives in the law of territory. China can and needs to find alternative resources for broader theoretical conversations and further normative reconstructions from with-in.