《史記》引《詩》析論

Analysis of the citations of the Book of Odes (Shi-Jing) by the Book of Historical Records (Shi-Ji)

《史記》承襲自戰國以來著述引《詩》之風，引《詩》總計33則，目前研究成果均未能完整論及。本文透過文本分析法，以引《詩》者的運用類型、用途為經，思想、義旨、方式、版本、效用為緯，全面解析其中《史記》對《詩經》的接受與傳播等互涉情形，以了解先秦、西漢武帝以前，人們對《詩經》的理解與認識，進而考察其《詩》學觀，及先秦、漢初至武帝前引《詩》的異同衍變等《詩》學相關的問題。
其運用類型、用途可分為帝王下詔、臣子上奏、臣子相議或自述、師生相言、撰史者論贊五類，反映其間引《詩》以表達自我政治外交、倫理道德論點之實況與衍變。其中，多運用於君臣間的上下文書及臣子平行相議、自述，有6成多；漢武帝時即佔近5成，說明武帝時引《詩》議論之風相對盛行。有關典制、政教議題的《史記》篇章更好引《詩》，〈雅〉〈頌〉含較多的政治倫理、聖道教化，引用率遠高於〈風〉。所據版本以《魯》為主，又酌採《毛》，作者是接近古文派的《魯詩》學者。至如引《詩》的方式及效用，僅5則引《詩》為斷章取義，轉換重點以議政、求助；其他均為摭句證言，直接擇詞取義，進而達到自警、嚮慕、模範、警戒他人、議政、自況、預言等表意之效用，豐富了史書的文采與論說力。

Shi-Ji (the Book of Historical Records) continues the Warring States tradition of citing Shi-Jing (the Book of Odes), with a total of 33 references. Previous research has yet to fully explore this phenomenon. This study employs textual analysis, treating citation types and purposes as the main framework, and thought, meaning, method, version, and function as analytical dimensions, to comprehensively examine Shi-Ji’s reception and transmission of Shi-Jing. The study sheds light on understandings of Shi- Jing in the pre-Qin and early Western Han periods (prior to Emperor Wu of Han), the conceptualization of Shi-Jing studies, and the evolution of its citation practices across these periods.
Citations in the Shi-Ji can be categorized into five types: (1) the orders from the Emperors, (2) the proposals submitted by the ministers, (3) the discussions among the political administrators, or self-narratives (4) the meeting minutes of Confucius and his disciples (5) and commentaries by historians. They reflect the use of Shi-Jing to convey political, diplomatic, and ethical arguments. Over 60% occur in exchanges between rulers and ministers or among ministers themselves, with nearly half from the reign of Emperor Wu, indicating the prevalence of Shi-Jing-based discourse during his reign. Chapters addressing ritual, governance, and moral instruction exhibit higher citation frequency, particularly Ya and Song, which contain more political and ethical content than Feng. The Lu Shi version is predominantly used, with selective references to Mao Shi, suggesting that the author was a Lu Shi scholar closely aligned with the Old Script school.
Regarding citation methods and functions, only five instances involve taking excerpts out of context, with emphasis shifted for policy argumentation or requests; the remainder quote directly to support statements. Citations serve multiple purposes, including self-exhortation, admiration, exemplification, admonition, political debate, self-representation, and prophecy, thereby enhancing both the literary expression and argumentative force of the historical narrative.