再論屯田：清代嘉道時期西北地區屯務的善後處置

Rediscussing the Military Farming: The aftermath of the Farming Policy in the northwest during the Jiaqing and Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty

本文討論回疆地區善後屯田處置的變動之於軍事財政、社會與文化三個層面的關係。大體上，回亂之後的屯田體制變動包括追認回人私屯、開闢新地以及招攬內地人民開墾三個策略。軍事層面上，屯田的增加回應軍隊糧食需求與帝國的財政困境。就社會層面上，則顯兵屯在回疆功能的衰弱，開放內地人民開墾，模糊了當地回人與內地民人的界線。在文化層面上，屯田作為體恤回民的實踐，無形之中界定了回民的柔弱性質與他者的界線。另外自思想的意涵來看，新疆地區的屯墾處理，追溯至漢代對於西域的屯墾開發，新疆的屯田體現西漢以來屯田的軍事與生產意義，不過兩者政策演進方向卻全然相反。漢代西域屯墾從戶屯到軍屯，清代卻是從軍屯走向戶屯並進而兩者分化。另外藉由橫向的善後處置比較，屯墾制度的改變在不同的邊疆區域都得到了證實，為了因應財務狀況的變化以及治理體制的改變，清代邊疆區域的屯墾制度變化彰顯了應對情勢變化的現實意義，以及模糊族群分界的潛在效果。

This paper examines the relationship between changes in military farming(tuntian屯田) management in the Huijiang(Hui-inhabited region in southern Xinjiang回疆) and three dimensions: military finance, society, and culture. Generally, military farming system changes included recognizing private cultivation by Hui people(回民), developing new land, and recruiting settlers from China Proper after Hui Revolt(回亂). From a military perspective, the expansion of military farming responded to army food requirements and the empire’s financial difficulties. Socially, these changes reflected the weakening function of military colonies in Huijiang and blurred the boundaries between local Hui people and settlers from China Proper through open migration policies. Culturally, military farming as a practice of accommodating Sino-Muslim subjects implicitly defined the vulnerable nature of the Hui people and their boundaries as“others.”From an intellectual perspective, land development in Huijiang traced back to Han dynasty cultivation in the Western Regions. While Huijiang’s military farming embodied both military and productive significance dating back to Western Han, the policy evolution directions were opposite: Han dynasty cultivation evolved from civilian to military farming, while Qing dynasty practice shifted from military to civilian farming before ultimately separating the two. Additionally, comparative analysis of Rehabilitation Efforts(善後) confirms that military farming system reforms occurred across different frontier regions. The changes in frontier farming systems during the Qing dynasty demonstrated practical significance in responding to financial changes and governance reforms, as well as the potential effect of blurring ethnic boundaries.