1960年代傅柯對於一種言語科學的追尋

Foucault’s Pursuit of a Language Science in the 1960s

被視為歷史研究方法論的《知識考古學》，在其構思階段──根據傅柯遺稿庫中的準備工作卷宗──曾是一本言語科學著作。有關言語和文學的傅柯手稿與講座錄音逐字稿的陸續出版，顯示他對於一種言語科學的追尋。這番追尋發軔於他對於文學空間的關注，發展於1960年代中期他對於結構語言學及分析哲學的涉獵，匯集為得以穿梭於有關言語的各種研究的一門陳述理論。追尋過程中的廣泛涉獵，以及習得後「擺脫」，也能夠說明何以《知識考古學》中有些術語，有時不僅浮動且流於描述性，還不同於既有理論中的相關用法。格雷瑪斯與庫岱斯的《符號學》辭典展現獨特的參考價值，讓我們窺見當時法國有關言語科學的思想資源。我們得以領略傅柯如何將奧斯丁的言語行為理論轉化到他所謂的陳述行為／方式，如何借助雅克布森的後設言語作為反題來界定文學空間，等等。帶著這樣類似考古學的精神重訪傅柯1960年代嘗試發展其言語科學的話語場址，我們或許能夠捕捉他手稿中閃現的，呼應海德格《存有與時間》的一門言語本體論。

The Archeology of Knowledge, now seen as a work on historiography, was once a work on language sciences during its conception stage—according to its preparatory work files in the“Fonds Foucault.”The gradual publication of Foucault’s manuscripts and lecture transcripts on language and literature reveals his pursuit of a science of language. This pursuit originated from his focus on literary space and then was developed through his focus on structural linguistics and analytic philosophy in the mid-1960s. These paths finally converged into a theory of“enonces”that can shuttle across various studies on language. Foucault’s broad explorations and subsequent disengagement from acquired frameworks may account for the fact that certain terms in The Archaeology of Knowledge are sometimes unstable, inclined to remain descriptive, and differ from the ways they are employed in established theoretical frameworks. In this regard, the Semiotics dictionary compiled by A. J. Greimas and J. Courtes is uniquely useful in allowing us a glimpse into the philosophical matrix of language sciences in France at that time. We can therefore appreciate how Foucault transformed J. L. Austen’s speech act theory into what he calls“enonciation,”how he used Jacobson’s“metalanguage”as an antithesis to define literary space, etc. With such an archaeological spirit to revisit the discursive field where Foucault tried to develop his language science in the 1960s, we can perhaps capture an ontology of language flashing in his manuscripts that echoes Heidegger’s Being and Time.