創造抗爭的人民：從尼采與德勒茲哲學重思微法西斯主義及當代民主政治

Creating a People of Resistance: Re-thinking Micro-Fascism and Contemporary Democratic Politics from Nietzsche and Deleuze’s Philosophical Perspectives

微法西斯主義指向法西斯主義遺產彷彿化成分子結構，於在場與不在場、虛擬與實現之邊界上，潛伏、蔓延並融入各種政治慾望的現象。本文重新檢視尼采與德勒茲哲學的微觀政治面向，尋求有效面對乃至抵抗微法西斯主義的思想模型。尼采主張擺脫對群眾與平庸政治的依附，強調發展獨立思想與創造式情感，不斷包納他者、克服犬儒的貴族精神與權力意志；德勒茲則拒絕依附死亡驅力及其自毀傾向，在解疆域化與再疆域化的雙重運動中重新組配遊牧思想，尋求可以動員與連結的情動同盟。二者思想相承互補，指向相近的哲學目標：創造抗爭的人民。這種抗爭並不直接等同發起政治運動，而是建基於個別生命實踐的意義上，解褶並創造大寫生命本身將臨的無數可能。本文期望超越某些左派論調出於對法西斯的憤懣和恐懼所造成的簡化或疏忽，並縱深歷史因由與哲學思辨，發現微法西斯主義不必扣連極右政治話語，而是在當代民主政治中魅影幢幢。

This paper will re-examine the micropolitical aspects of the philosophy of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche and Gilles Deleuze, seeking thought models that can effectively confront and resist microfascism. Nietzsche advocates getting rid of attachment to the masses and mediocre politics, emphasizing the development of independent thoughts and creative emotions so as to tolerate others and overcome cynicism in the aristocratic spirit and will to power. Deleuze refuses relying on the death drive and its self-destructiveness in an attempt to reassemble nomadic thoughts in the movements of deterritorialization and reterritorialization as well as seek affective alliances that can be mobilized and connected. The two ideas are inherited, inter-complementary, and both point to a similar philosophical goal: to create a people of resistance. This does not equal launching political movements; the coalition is based on individual life practices, unfolding and creating countless possibilities that will bring life itself to freedom. This paper hopes to go beyond how the resentment and fear of fascism in some leftist arguments have simplified its true import and to speculatively delve into the historical reasons to unveil that micro-fascism is not simply a characteristic of far-right political discourses. Its phantoms can be sensed in the contemporary democratic politics.