大和心與情真說：日本江戶時代的國學和晚明文藝思潮

The Japanese Spirit and the True Feeling Theory: Study of Japanese Classical Literature in Japan’s Edo period and Literary Trend in the late Ming China

日本江戶時代有代表性的日本國學者本居宣長（Motoori Norinaga 1730-1801）主張：原來的日本人有純粹無垢的「大和心（Yamoto gokoro）」，但受容中國學問之後，被「漢意」（Kara gokoro）」污染。因此，本居宣長為了搜求「大和心」而提倡日本的「國學」。在此，「漢意」要被徹底地排除。可以說日本的國學是針對漢學而成立的。不過，宣長本人年輕的時候，在京都跟著漢學家堀景山飽學漢學。宣長的思想裏，可認為和中國晚明文藝思潮存在共同性。其一：宣長的純粹無垢的「大和心」跟中國的如李卓吾的「童心」、袁宏道的「真人」、馮夢龍的「情真」等思想有相同處。其二：宣長為了探求古代日本人所擁有的「大和心」，開始著重古代日本的語言研究。他以為要真正了解古代的「大和心」，必須理解古代日本的語言。他最後完成了《古事記》的詳細註解《古事記傳》。在中國明末，李卓吾童心的思想使得《西廂記》《水滸傳》等白話文學的戲曲小說受到重視。袁宏道稱讚「今閭閻婦人孺子所唱《擘破玉》《打草竿》之類」的民間歌謠，因為那是「無聞無識真人所作，故多真聲」。馮夢龍搜集蘇州的民歌《山歌》，是因為要「存真」。本居宣長的「大和心」和晚明的情真思想，還不知道是否可說影響，但至少我們可以認為他們是有共同性和同步性。

Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), a representative scholar of the Japanese Classical Literature in the Edo period, advocated that the Japanese people had a pure ''Yamato gokoro (Japanese spirit)'', but after accepting Chinese culture, they were spoiled by ''Kara gokoro( Chinese spirit )''. Therefore, in order to seek the ''Yamato gokoro'', Norinaga advocated ''Kokugaku'', study of Japanese Classical Literature. Here, ''Kara gokoro'' must be completely excluded. It can be said that Japanese ''Kokugaku'' school was established specifically against ''Kangaku(Chinese Classical study)'' . However, in Norinaga's thoughts, it can be considered that there is a commonality with the literary trend of the late Ming Dynasty in China. Firstly, Norinaga's pure ''Yamato gokoro'' shares similarities with Chinese ideas such as Li Zhuowu's ''childlike innocence'', Yuan Hongdao's ''real person'', and Feng Menglong's ''true feelings''. Secondly, in order to explore the ''Yamato gokoro'' possessed by ancient Japanese people, Norinaga began to focus on the study of language of the ancient Japanese. He thought that in order to truly understand the ancient ''Yamato gokoro'', one must understand the language of ancient Japan. In the late Ming China, Li Zhuowu highly valued vernacular Chinese drama and fiction such as ''The Romance of the West Chamber'' and ''Water Margin'', as they expressed ''childlike innocence'' well. Feng Menglong collected ''Mountain Song'', folk songs of Suzhou because he wanted to ''preserve its true feelings''. Although it is not yet known whether the Norinaga”s ''Yamato gokoro'' and the true feeling theory of the late Ming have had an direct influence, at least we can observe commonalities and synchronicity among them.