異性與同命——王夫之《讀通鑑論》的異同並建之群體觀

Yi Xing and Tong Ming：Wang Fuzhi's Collective Bodies view of the coexistence of Yi and Xing on ''Du Tong Jian Lun''

群體觀在明清重氣儒者的思維中，不僅牽動層面甚廣，如氣、政治、歷史、夷夏、仕隱……等等義理，同時也涉及儒者如何思維客觀現實。然而，學界對此議題的相關研究，投入較少而有待更多的開拓，是以可謂深具探討空間及研究價值。本文探討王夫之《讀通鑑論》的群體，既可釐清王夫之的群體觀，亦能有助勾勒明清重氣儒者的義理樣貌。全文透過「類群」與「氣群」兩面向說明《讀通鑑論》的群體觀：首先，在「類群」之異的面向裡，王夫之《讀通鑑論》之所以申明人禽或夷夏之別，表面上是對類群的絕對嚴分，實則意圖在「人之為人」的獨特性。且此嚴分的人之獨特性，目的在於最終將一己純氣歸復於天地一氣，其「異」並非與同相對立者，而是同中有異的「異」。其次，在「氣群」之同的面向裡，人與他者他物同處天地一氣之中，故而無論好壞，皆會相互影響著彼此，而人無法自隔於天地一氣這個最大群體。不過，此「同」亦非與異相對立者，人在「不黨而不爭」的群體思維中，仍舊要確立一己之貞定，意即「同」是異中有同的「同」。要言之，王夫之《讀通鑑論》的群體觀，包括個性與共性，即異同並建的群體觀

The '' Collective Bodies '' in the thinking of Confucian scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties not only affects a wide range of aspects, such as qi, politics, history, Yixia, Shiyin, etc., but also involves how Confucians think about objective reality. However, the related research on this topic in the academic circles has less investment and needs more development, so it can be said that it has profound research space and research value. This paper discusses the '' Collective Bodies '' of Wang Fuzhi's ''Du Tong Jian Lun'', which can not only clarify Wang Fuzhi's Collective Bodies view, but also help to outline the meaning of the Confucian scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This article uses the two aspects of ''Lei Qun '' and ''Qi Qun'' to explain his Collective Bodies view of ''Du Tong Jian Lun'': First, in the aspect of ''Lei Qun '' difference, the reason why Wang Fuzhi's ''Du Tong Jian Lun'' declares the difference between humans and birds and barbarians is that on the surface it is an absolut and strict classification of taxa, but in fact it is intended to be the uniqueness of ''human beings''. And the uniqueness of this strictly divided person is to finally restore one’s Chun Qi to the one Qi of heaven and earth. Secondly, in the aspect of '' Qi Qun '' difference, people and others and other things are in the same atmosphere of heaven and earth, so no matter good or bad, they will affect each other, and people cannot be separated from the largest group of heaven and earth. However, this ''same'' is not the opposite of dissimilarity. In the group thinking of ''no party but no competition'', people still have to establish one's virginity, which means that ''same'' is the ''same'' that is different in difference.