從「進口管制」到「跨國適用」：美國「消除強迫勞動」制度分析

From ''Import Regulation'' to ''Transnational Application'': Analysis of the ''Elimination of Forced Labor'' Institutions in the United States

本文從「制度分析」的角度，分析美國制定關於「消除強迫勞動」立法的制度內容與執行策略，進而探討臺灣未來在面對美國要求落實執行「消除強迫勞動」時，可行的因應政策。研究發現，美國推動「消除強迫勞動」的立法，已經有超過130年的歷史，立法制度已經從「進口管制」轉變到「跨國適用」，執法策略則是從「調查特定產品」，轉變為「可反駁的推定原則」與「進口商盡職調查供應鏈」，這些新的立法制度與執法策略，不但使美國持續改善執法成效，而且「跨國適用」的立法，對於我國造成了相當大的壓力。面對美國的壓力，建議我國政府在修改「人口販運防制法」，以禁止強迫勞動產品輸入時，應該採取「擴大進口管制」的立法原則，不僅以「特定產品」做為消除強迫勞動的進口管制目標，同時也應該針對「特定地區之強迫勞動」實施進口管制，而且在「執法策略」方面，建議政府參考美國CBP的做法，採取「可反駁的推定」原則，並且要求進口商針對供應鏈進行盡職調查，才能夠真正防止強迫勞動的產品進口。

This article from the perspective of ''institutions analysis'', analyzes the institutional content and enforcement strategies of the United States' legislation on the ''elimination of forced labor'', and then explores Taiwan's feasible response policies in the future when facing the United States' requirements to implement the ''elimination of forced labor.'' The study found that the United States has promoted legislation to ''eliminate forced labor'' for more than 130 years. The legislative institutions have changed from ''import regulation'' to ''transnational application,'' and the enforcement strategies have changed from ''investigating specific products'' to ''investigating specific products.'' The ''principle of rebuttable presumption'' and ''importer due diligence supply chain'', these new legislative institutions and enforcement strategies have not only enabled the United States to continue to improve the effectiveness of enforcement, but also ''transnational application'' legislation has caused considerable pressure on our country. In the face of pressure from the United States, it is suggested that when amending the ''Human Trafficking Prevention Act'' to prohibit the import of forced labor products, the government should adopt the legislative principle of ''expanding import regulation'' and not only use ''specific products'' as a means to eliminate forced labor. The goal of import regulation should also be to implement import regulations on ''forced labor from specific areas''. In terms of ''enforcement strategy'', it is recommended that the government refer to the practice of the US CBP, adopt the principle of ''rebuttable presumption'', and require importers to target supplies. Only by conducting due diligence on the chain can truly prevent the import of products with forced labor.