東吳中文線上學術論文

The Doctrine of Dao in Zhuang Zi Studies by the Xin Xue School

北宋中期是莊學發展的興盛期及轉折期，彼時的莊學逐漸擺脫了文字訓詁與校勘的研究取向，轉而重視思想義理的深入闡發，以王安石為首的新學學派在其中扮演關鍵角色，大力推動了宋代整體莊學的發展。新學學派雖是北宋儒學群體之一，然而學術風格卻有相當程度的道家色彩。新學成員大都有老莊學的著作，他們藉由「以經注我」的詮釋態度進而翻新儒學，同時透過推闡《老》、《莊》確立了新學「推天道以明人事」的理論架構。本文以「新學學派莊子學之『道』論」作為研究切入點，以王安石、王雱、呂惠卿、陳祥道、林疑獨等人為研究對象，從「以氣言道」和「對偶議題」兩方面分析新學學派莊學詮釋中的道論。新學學派特別強調「道」與「氣」的關係，他們以氣的作用來看待萬物的生成變化，並以氣貫串起形上（道體）和形下（道用），此為其論道最特殊處。由於陰陽二氣的對偶性，因此新學成員在討論道物關係時，經常以「是否對偶」辨別道物差異。萬物皆有偶，惟大道無偶，道物之間「非一非異」，此乃新學學派對道物關係的基本認識。新學學派大量融合三教觀點來詮解《莊子》，不僅體現出學術的開放性和包容性，也說明了新學的思想體系建構是由儒、道兩方面同時展開。

In the mid-Northern Song dynasty, Zhuang Zi studies experienced a shift from textual analysis to deeper philosophical exploration. The Xin Xue school, led by Wang Anshi, played a key role in this transformation. Though part of the Confucian tradition, the Xin Xue school was heavily influenced by Daoism. Many members, including Wang Anshi, Wang Pang, and others, wrote on Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, using a method of interpretation that refreshed Confucian ideas while also building a framework of“expounding heavenly principles to explain human affairs.” This paper examines the Xin Xue school’s interpretation of Dao in Zhuang Zi studies, focusing on their ideas about the relationship between Dao and Qi (vital energy), and the concept of duality. They saw Qi as the driving force behind the creation and transformation of all things, linking the metaphysical (Dao as principle) with the physical (Dao in function). They often used duality, such as Yin and Yang, to explain the Dao-things relationship, believing that while all things exist in pairs, the Great Dao itself does not. Their approach blended Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist perspectives, reflecting an inclusive and integrated philosophical outlook.