從對「理念取向」的批判闡述韋伯「類型學」的真確意涵――兼論國際關係概念類型的分類方法

Explain the True Meaning of Weber's“Typology”from the Critique of“Ideational Orientation”: The Classification Method of Conceptual Types in the Field of International Relations

近三十餘年以來，國際關係學科「理念轉向」的研究取向，與其它某些人文社會學科的領域一樣，一時蔚為風氣。他們引用馬克思·韋伯「理念型」的概念，發展為「解釋類型學」的分析工具。事實上，這一種強調主觀意念的價值，顯然有異於科學理性的觀點。無論他們是在知識理念上的堅持，抑或僅僅是借引作為一種分析工具，實際上是偏離了韋伯在建構其未彰顯的科學邏輯類型學之目標。它的延伸意義，則隱含著反啟蒙思想在知識發展中的再次突起。本文，首先陳述此種「理念取向」對韋伯「理念型」意義的偏離情形。其次，闡述韋伯「理念型」的宏觀目標與方法論出路。再者，將舖陳符合科學邏輯意義的類型建構與當代的不足之處。最後，則提出類型建構的若干基本原則。簡言之，本文之目的，在於嘗試探索國際關係概念類型建構的意義與某些基本原則。

For more than 30 years, the research orientation of“ideational turn”of International Relations, like some disciplines in the field of humanities and society, has grown into a general trend. They cited the Max Weber’s concept of“ideal type”and developed it into an analytical tool of“explanatory typology.”In fact, this kind of values that emphasize subjective ideas shall transcend scientific rationality. They deviate from Weber’s goal of constructing typology not explicitly stated but in line with scientific logic, whether they insist on the concept of knowledge or merely use it as an analytical tool. Its extension implies that Counter Enlightenment emerges again in the development of knowledge. First of all, this paper states the deviation of this orientation from the“ideal type”of Weber. Secondly, it elaborates the macro goal and methodology of Weber’s“ideal type”. Finally, it expounds the significance of type construction of scientific logic and the deficiency of contemporary research on conceptual orientation and then proposes some basic principles of type construction. In short, this paper is aimed at trying to explore the significance and some basic concepts of typology of International Relations.