《墨子・兼愛》三篇的文獻與「兼愛」思想的形成

The Multilayer Structure of the Texts in Jian’ai Triad Chapters of Mozi and the Formation of Jian’ai Thought

本文試圖藉由闡明《墨子》「兼愛」論和「兼」概念的多層性勾勒出其「兼愛」三篇（〈兼愛上〉、〈兼愛中〉、〈兼愛下〉）思想展開的過程。首先，「兼愛」三篇中的「兼」論和「兼愛」概念的多層性可分為如下四層：（1）如〈兼愛上〉的結尾所提及，墨子曾經主張過的「愛人」；（2）基於「愛人」的實踐原則之「視他若己」；（3）將「視他若己」的「愛人」由國君在他統治的國家或社會的規模上推行的「相兼愛」；以及（4）：係指「天下之君愛他的全部人民」意義下的複合詞「兼愛」。關於其「兼」論的展開，由於在〈兼愛上〉的論述從頭到尾以「治亂論」貫統於整篇內容，並且此論點在〈兼愛中〉和〈兼愛下〉中均無有，在〈兼愛中〉和〈兼愛下〉論述內容的形成，應該不是基於已經成篇的現存〈兼愛上〉的內容而發展出來的。總之，現本《墨子》「兼愛」三篇的思想和文獻內容之展開應該是歷經了形成過程的，上述四層意涵應是在此三篇中各自進行的，而就在此意義上，我們可以將《墨子》「兼愛」三篇稱為經過演變過程的文獻。

This article aims to elucidate the multilayer structure of arguments about the concepts of“jian (to serve/take/possess concurrently)”and“jian’ai (Kingly love for all)”and the evolution of the triad chapters called“Jian’ai”in the Book of Mozi. Arguments about“jian”and“jian’ai”in the triad chapters consist of the following four layers: (1)“Loving others/people”which appears in the last passage of the Jian’ai I chapter, which implies that the statement might have been advocated by Mo Di himself. (2)“Regarding others like myself”as a foundation for practicing“loving others.”(3) A principle of policies for attaining the reciprocal practices of“loving others”. And (4) The ruler of the world equally loves all his people.
Concerning the salient characteristics in the development of the idea of“jian”are that since the main topic of Jian’ai I chapter is penetrated by the author’s keen interest in the“order and disorder”issue, both chapters Jian’ai II and III completely lack this view, it would be difficult to suppose that the arguments about jian in Jian’ai II and III chapters were imported after the text of Jian’ai I chapter had already completed.
In sum, the extant texts of the Jian’ai triad chapters have undergone a gradual evolutionary process in which aforementioned four layers of arguments were developed in each chapter respectively. In this sense, we can describe the formation of the Jian’ai triad chapters as a process of their textual evolution.