國小高年級學童零食購買決策傾向影響因素與預測因子之探討

Explore the Influencing Factors and the Predictors of Snacking Purchasing Decisions in Upper-Grade Elementary School Students

目的：不良的飲食型態包括零食攝取會提升學齡期兒童肥胖以及慢性病的健康風險，國小高年級學童正值發展自主性的階段，包括零食選擇及購買決策，因此本研究旨在探討臺灣國小高年級學童零食購買決策傾向之影響因素和預測因子。方法：採橫斷性研究設計，隨機抽樣臺北市國小五、六年級學童，經學校同意並經家長與學童簽立受訪同意書後，採紙本問卷進行資料收集，收案期間為2016年4月至12月。結果：共計回收419份問卷，男生有218位（52.0%），女生有201位（48.0%）。在人口學變項分析發現學童性別與體位（χ2 = 18.75, p < 0.001）、學校師長請吃零食（χ2 = 4.66, p = 0.03）、住家速食店消費次數（t = 2.43, p = 0.02）和營養知識（t = -2.33, p = 0.02）呈顯著差異；零食購買決策傾向影響因素包括:學校師長請吃零食（t = -2.48, p =0.014）、不健康生活型態（r = 0.30, p < 0.001）、零食消費金額（r = 0.14, p = 0.006）、住家速食店消費次數（r = 0.20, p < 0.001）、住家零食店消費次數（r = 0.26, p < 0.001）、學校附近速食店消費次數（r = 0.20, p < 0.001）、學校零食店消費次數（r = 0.25, p < 0.001）、家中零食可取得性（r= 0.37, p < 0.001）以及家中零食可近性（r = 0.42, p < 0.001）。另逐步迴歸顯示家中零食可近性（F = 89.71, p < 0.001）、住家零食店消費次數（F = 13.64, p < 0.001）、不健康生活型態（F = 6.19,p = 0.013）以及體位適中者（F = 4.43, p = 0.036）為零食購買決策傾向之預測因子，共可解釋之變異量為22.3%。結論：研究結果顯示家庭與學校於學童零食購買決策傾向扮演重要角色，因此可協助培養孩童建立正確的營養知識，引導學童選擇健康零食，同時杜絕不健康零食的可近行與可及性。政府方面則應設立更加嚴格的廣告宣傳制度，鼓勵健康零食的推廣與銷售，並支持健康社區之營造。以此整合一致的策略將可促使學童達成更為正確的零食抉擇，且培植整體社會打造更為健康的生活環境。

Purpose: Unhealthy eating habits, including snacking consumption, can increase the risk of obesity and chronic diseases among school-age children. Upper-grade elementary school students are developing the stage of autonomy, which involves making choices about snacks purchasing decisions. Therefore, this study aims to explore the influencing factors and predictors of snacking purchasing decisions among upper-grade elementary school students in Taiwan. Method: This study adopted a cross-sectional research design, randomly sampling fifth and sixth-grade students from elementary schools in Taipei City. After obtaining school consent and getting the signed informed consent forms from both parents and students, data collection was conducted using paper-based questionnaires. The data collection period spanned from April to December 2016. Result: A total 419 completed questionnaires were collected. The results indicate significant differences based on gender and body weight（χ2 = 18.75, p < 0.001）, snacking encouraged by schoolteachers（χ2 = 4.66, p = 0.03）, frequency of fast-food restaurant visits near home（t = 2.43, p = 0.02）, and nutritional knowledge（t = -2.33, p = 0.02）. The influencing factors of children's snacking purchasing decisions were snacking encouraged by schoolteachers（t = -2.48, p = 0.014）, unhealthy lifestyle habits（r = 0.30, p < 0.001）, snack expenditure（r = 0.14, p = 0.006）, frequency of fast-food restaurant visits near home（r = 0.20, p < 0.001）, frequency of visits to home-based snack stores（r = 0.26, p < 0.001）, frequency of visits to fast-food restaurants near school（r = 0.20, p < 0.001）, frequency of visits to schoolbased snack stores（r = 0.25, p < 0.001）, availability of snacks at home（r = 0.37, p < 0.001）and proximity of snacks at home（r = 0.42, p < 0.001）. Additionally, the stepwise regression analysis revealed that proximity of snacks at home（F = 89.71, p < 0.001）, frequency of visits to home-based snack stores（F = 13.64, p < 0.001）, unhealthy lifestyle habits（F = 6.19, p = 0.013）, and moderate weight（F = 4.43, p = 0.036）accounted for 22.3% of the total variance. Conclusion: The results indicate both family and school play crucial roles in children's snack purchasing decisions. Thus, they can contribute to fostering correct nutritional knowledge in children, guiding them to choose healthy snacks, while simultaneously reducing the availability and accessibility of unhealthy snacks. Also, there should be stricter regulations to enact on advertising, encouraging the sales of healthy snacks, as well as supporting the building of healthy communities. Through these integrated strategies, children can make more accurate choices, and a healthier living environment is also fostered.