論五律組詩〈敦煌廿詠〉形式與內容之獨特性

Discuss the Uniqueness of Form and Content on the Series of Five-character Regulated Verse Poems‘Twenty Poems of Dunhuang’

〈敦煌廿詠〉為描寫敦煌地景與建物的五律組詩，寫本共有6處記載，在敦煌學中具有考察古代地理歷史的價值。目前對該組詩的討論，也較常聚焦於推斷寫作年代與作者。然而從文學作品的角度檢視，〈敦煌廿詠〉作為當然的邊塞詩歌，閱讀感受卻與一般邊塞類型不一致，就連學者們慣稱其為「五律組詩」，實則亦有不少犯律的情況，故本文試就差異面向進行梳理及分析可能的背後成因。
在以近來張錫厚主編《全敦煌詩》為主要文本，輔以徐俊、陳尚君等人整理本，藉由文本細讀與比較可知，〈敦煌廿詠〉在內容上常以細部的小景小物入詩，大多抒發作者的個人感受；不同於一般邊塞詩往往懷抱堅毅的家國情懷，鋪寫雄偉壯闊的大漠山河。至於形式上，〈敦煌廿詠〉在熟練表現音韻美感的同時，又有多項格律問題。對照學界大抵傾向該組詩為一人於某一時之作。再據楊寶玉整理前輩學者的考證，〈敦煌廿詠〉應作於中晚唐時期，可能出自敦煌歸順大唐後，由中原前往定居的名士張球。這也符合〈敦煌廿詠〉乃久居者書寫生活環境，而非盛唐的浪漫英雄主義。再者，該組詩也較貼近中晚唐慣有的精細摹寫、用字習慣與有意犯律等寫作模式。故透過本文的重新審視，應有助於回應目前學界對其背景的考證。

‘Dunhuang Twenty Poems’is a series of five-character regulated verse poems depicting the landscapes and buildings of Dunhuang. There are six manuscript records of these poems, and they hold significant value in the study of ancient geography and history within Dunhuang studies. Current discussions often focus on deducing the writing period and the author. However, from the perspective of literary works,‘Dunhuang Twenty Poems’differs from typical frontier poems. Even the commonly used term series of five-character regulated verse poems occasionally violates the rules of regulated verse.
Using the latest publication,“The Complete Dunhuang Poems”, as the primary text, it is evident that‘Dunhuang Twenty Poems’often incorporate detailed descriptions of small scenes and objects in their content, expressing personal feelings of the author. This contrasts with the usual frontier poems that often carry a resolute patriotic sentiment and depict the grandeur of vast deserts and mountains with majestic momentum. In terms of form, while‘Dunhuang Twenty Poems’skillfully demonstrate the aesthetic appeal of regulated verse, issues such as repeated characters, three level tones in the last three characters, and basic metrical problems like lack of tonal parallelism and syntactic parallelism also appear. This is because‘Dunhuang Twenty Poems’essentially represent the writings of long-term residents about the harsh living environment, rather than the romantic heroism. Furthermore, the writing style is close to the common in Mid-to-Late Tang Dynasty. Therefore, this study could help re-examine this renowned series and also address current scholarly evidence suggesting that this series was created during Mid-to-Late Tang period.