「臺灣鄭氏招諭呂宋」史事考訂與補充

Threats of Conquest of Luzon from Taiwan by the Zheng Family: Examination and Complementation of Historical Events

本文主要透過西班牙新史料的發掘，重新討論鄭氏三代招諭呂宋。1662年鄭成功派利勝神父攜招諭書出使馬尼拉，該書由利勝譯成西班牙文，其抵達馬尼拉日期以同年5月10日或12日較為可信。馬尼拉官方對鄭成功的威脅有四項因應措施：撤除菲島南部駐軍回馬尼拉、驅逐華人、召募騎兵及派軍船前往臺灣。其中為防止菲島華人協助國姓爺，決議只留2,500名華人（不包含教徒），其餘得離開，此驅逐菲島華人的消息傳出後，造成同年5月25日馬尼拉華人動亂。
7月初馬尼拉華人反抗事件平息後，利勝攜帶答覆國姓爺的回函返航。鄭經方面商討此問題，由他的兩位官吏首長（應指鄭泰和洪旭）於1663年4月2日以其名義寫信，讓利勝攜往馬尼拉，所搭船舶於同月21日停靠馬尼拉港口報關。馬尼拉官方討論鄭經方面所提要求，最後雙方簽訂和平條約，交給利勝兩封公函，一封為給鄭經的兩位官吏首長的答覆函，另一封是致鄭經的信函。於是國姓爺威脅馬尼拉之事終於落幕。
相較於鄭成功的征菲企圖，馬尼拉官方對鄭經和鄭克塽的征菲意圖較不關注。因鄭成功打敗荷蘭人後，馬尼拉官方知其武力不可輕視，須小心應付，而鄭經和鄭克塽的征菲意圖，有的只是謠傳，有的未傳到馬尼拉官方耳中就已終止，有的該官方就當時情勢認為不會發生。鄭經有6次的征菲企圖，西班牙史料只有4次紀錄，即1671、1672、1673及1680年，馬尼拉官方最在意的是1672和1680年。1672年曾派船遣使前往臺南與鄭經交涉，因船難抵澳門而未果；1680年曾特別部署相關軍備抗敵入侵。鄭克塽時期的征菲意圖僅有鄭氏將滅亡之際的1683年7月16日之後，馬尼拉當局不知此消息，因此不見此次西班牙文記載。

This article analyzes the attempts of three generations of the Zheng family to conquer Luzon using mostly previously unpublished Spanish historical records. In 1662, Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) issued a letter threatening the Philippines, which was delivered by Father Victorio Riccio, who arrived in Manila by May 10 or 12 of that year. Father Victorio Riccio translated the letter into Spanish. When faced with Koxinga’s threats, the Manila government relocated garrisons from Iligan, Calamianes, Ternate and Zamboanga to Manila and recruited more cavalry for defense, and dispatched a military vessel under Agustín Martínez’s command to Taiwan’s coastline to monitor the enemy’s actions. To remove domestic support for Koxinga’s navy, only 2,500 Chinese individuals (excluding Christians) were allowed to stay in the Philippines, while the rest were to be expelled from the archipelago. The news of expulsion triggered a rebellion by the Chinese in Manila on May 25, 1662.
When Koxinga defeated the Dutch, the Manila government knew that his strength should not be underestimated, and his threats to conquer the Philippines should be taken seriously. However, the threats of Zheng Jing and Zheng Keshuang, Koxinga’s grandson, were not given much consideration by the Manila government. At times, their intentions to conquer the Philippines were mere rumors; on other occasions the actual plans of conquest were abandoned before Manila learnt of them; and other times, the threats were acknowledged but not viewed as a serious concern given the circumstances. Zheng Jing threatened to conquer the Philippines six times, but Spanish records mention only four instances in 1671, 1672, 1673, and 1680. The Manila government paid the most attention to threats in 1672 and 1680. In 1672, an envoy was sent to Tainan to negotiate with Zheng Jing, but the mission failed because the vessel was diverted to Macau by a storm. In 1680, the military and the navy were deployed in Manila for defense against enemy threats. During Zheng Keshuang’s reign, there was only one threat of conquest, which came after July 16, 1683, when the Zheng family was on the verge of decline. Nonetheless, Spanish records do not mention it as the Government of the Philippines did not acknowledge receiving it. After the Chinese rebellion in Manila concluded in early July, Father Victorio Riccio brought back the response letter to Koxinga from the Governor of Manila, Sabiniano Manrique de Lara. Koxinga had already passed away and the letter was received by his son Zheng Jing, who deliberated with his court on the issue. On April 2, 1663, two officials, Zheng Tai and Hong Xu, drafted a letter in his name, which Father Victorio Riccio delivered to Manila. His ship docked in Manila’s port on April 21, 1663. The Manila government considered Zheng Jing’s demands and, in the end, the two sides signed a peace treaty. The Manila government issued two official letters of response to be delivered by Father Victorio Riccio, one to Zheng Jing and the other to his two officials, thereby putting an end to Koxinga’s threats to Manila.