劍指「南方」：臺灣運動援外的冷戰經驗（1968～1989）

「外派教練」是全球冷戰架構下運動技術人才輸出現象的一環，二戰後臺灣教練在「南方」現場作戰，建構出一部臺灣運動援外的冷戰經驗微觀史。本文旨在透過檔案分析，針對國史館與中研院近史所館藏的《外交部檔案》關於外派教練的文件進行探究，企圖讓冷戰時期以來臺灣運動援外經驗，能在傳統外交之外形成專業領域的專題研究。本文將執行國民外交任務的運動援外的素材和數據，作為一種檢驗與評估臺灣外交政策的實施與結果的依據，進而提出運動援外與外交領域間交叉點的初步見解。本文首先嘗試從巨觀視域，立基於國際運動援助現象與模式，釐清臺灣運動人才輸出的緣由與條件式交換受援的決策歷程；其次，將研究視角放在「南方」任教國，且聚焦拉丁美洲區域，以解析伴隨臺灣外交目標國轉變後運動援外的運作策略；接著，以微觀角度探究臺灣外派教練面對的異國文化衝擊與適應；最後，總結外派教練作為「類外交人才」的冷戰作用與困境，並解析此政策成果，重新檢視臺灣運動援外冷戰經驗不同層面的意義。本文發現，一種「隱藏式意識形態」的決策思維，存在於厚重疊加的檔案裡，而冷戰時期「中共因素」正是這種意識形態發生作用的關鍵觸媒。此外，居中的受援國具有能夠策略性操作兩岸在爭取外交承認與國際空間競衡的能動性。而這兩個關鍵因素影響著臺灣運動援外的策略和結果。最後本文提出對這批冷戰時期「類外交人才」資本的重視，以及歷史檔案運用的侷限與建議。

“Expatriate coaches”were part of the global Cold War phenomenon of exporting technical talent. The experiences of Taiwanese coaches in the“Global South”contribute to Taiwan’s history of foreign sports aid. This paper seeks to conduct an archival analysis by explicitly examining the documents related to expatriate coaches from the“Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives”collected by the Academia Historica and the Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica. The aim is to elevate Taiwan’s foreign sports aid experience to a specialized research area beyond traditional diplomacy. Utilizing materials and data related to technical sports assistance abroad to examine and evaluate the implementation and outcomes of foreign policy objectives related to people-to-people diplomacy, this paper offers preliminary insights into the intersections between foreign sports aid and the field of diplomacy.
This paper first adopts a macro perspective, grounded in international sports aid models, to clarify the reasons behind Taiwan’s export of sports talent and the decision-making processes of conditional exchanges for receiving assistance. Secondly, it focuses on countries in the“South,”particularly in the region of Latin America, to analyze the operational strategies of foreign sports aid and how these strategies evolved with Taiwan’s changing diplomatic goals and targets. Subsequently, from a micro perspective, this paper investigates the cultural shocks and adaptations faced by expatriate coaches in foreign countries. Lastly, it summarizes the roles and dilemmas of the expatriate coaches as“quasi-diplomatic personnel”during the Cold War, elucidating Taiwan’s foreign sports aid policy outcomes. Therefore, the four-dimensional significance of Taiwan’s Cold War experience in foreign technical sports aid is examined.
This paper discovers that a“hidden ideology”exists in the decision-making mindset within the voluminous archival documents, with the“Communist China factor”acting as a critical catalyst for the activation of this ideology. Moreover, the host countries possessed agency to strategically maneuver the Cross-Strait competition for the“right to represent China,”using these circumstances for their own leverage. These elements influenced the outcomes of Taiwan’s foreign sports aid policies. In conclusion, this paper calls for greater recognition of the importance of these Cold War-era“quasi-diplomatic personnel,”and discusses the limitations and suggestions for using historical archival materials.