「動靜」範疇之典範革新：從《周易》、《中庸》到濂溪〈太極圖說〉再到丹溪《格致餘論》

Paradigm Shift of the Concept“Movement and Stillness”from Zhouyi and Zhongyong to Zhou Dun-Yi's Explanation of the Tai-Ji Diagram to Zhu Dan-Xi's Ge-Zhi Theory

Zhou Dun Yi inherited the concept of movement and stillness in“Zhouyi”and“Zhongyong”with some innovations. He proposed two theories“Wu Ji and Tai Ji”and“Movement and stillness generating Ying Yang”in conjunction with the proposition that“the sages establish the ultimate in human beings (Ren Ji) through the principle of moderation, benevolence, righteousness and tranquility”, which influenced later Chinese philosophy profoundly with incessant disputes. Zhou Dun Yi essentially regards“Ji”and“movement and stillness”as hard core. The meaning of“Ji”is threefold: the highest and the farthest, pivot of movement and stillness, and moderation, which were used in Zhou Dun Yi’s theories that take the theory of“tranquil mind and prudent action”as the ultimate gist. Tranquil mind actually refers to selflessness, while prudent action means that actions must be upright, honest, fair, benevolent, and moderate in order to maintain human nature originated from the Heavenly Tao and thus achieve the oneness of heaven and mankind. In addition, the theory of“Movement and stillness generating Ying Yang”is a paradigmatic innovation, which though is consistent with the initial and orthodox Ying Yang concept of the pre Qin Dynasty which refers to the cold and heat (water and fire). Based on this, Zhu Dan Xi, a physician who was deeply influenced by Neo Confucianism, further definitely used fire as a link in movement and put forward various accounts with the core of that“all movement belongs to fire”so that the scope of movement and stillness could be extended to include the physical blood and qi with physiological and pathological levels. This is another paradigmatic innovation. So far, the category of movement and stillness is comprehensive and complete.