明代地方司法覆核制度考實

The Local Judicial Review System in the Ming Dynasty

明代地方司法覆核中，布、按二司根據《諸司職掌》的規定分別向刑部、都察院申詳，此制終明一代並未更改。《大明律》「有司決囚等第」條為明初模仿元制的產物，並非明代實際行用之制度。明代中後期，巡按御史通過直接受理案件並向都察院轉詳、會審轉詳、奏聞取旨等三種方式參與地方司法覆核。刑部、都察院在司法覆核中按照案件上報渠道而非案犯身分分工。明代這一「平行的兩組司法覆核系統」造就了明代不同於前後各代的司法格局。

In local judicial review in the Ming Dynasty, the Provincial Administration Commission (Buzhengsi布政司) and the Provincial Surveillance Commission (Anchasi按察司) reported to the Bureau of Punishments (Xingbu刑部) and the Censorate (Duchayuan都察院) respectively according to the regulations in the Handbook of Government Offices (Zhusi Zhizhang諸司職掌). This system remained unchanged during the Ming Dynasty. The“Levels of Officials [Authorized to] Carry out the Sentences of Prisoners”regulation in the Great Ming Code (Da Ming lü大明律) was adopted in the early years of the Ming in imitation of the system of the Yuan Dynasty, but it was not the actual system utilized in practice. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the Touring Censorial Inspector (Xun’anyushi巡按御史) had three ways to participate in local judicial review: accepting cases and reporting to the Censorate; joint trial and reporting; and reporting to the throne. The Bureau of Punishments and the Censorate divided the labor according to the reporting channel rather than the identity of the criminal. These“two parallel systems of judicial review”made the judicial structure in the Ming Dynasty different from those of the Yuan and Qing Dynasties.