打工度假參與動機及回國職涯發展之研究──以日本打工度假為例

Study on Motivation for Participation in Working Holiday and Career Development after Returning to Home Country: Case Study of Working Holiday in Japan

打工度假是有別於一般旅遊方式，同時兼具了「工作」與「休閒」的性質。從事打工度假的年輕人，除了旅遊外，打工經歷也是一種具有意義的獨特體驗。台灣最早在2004年與澳洲、紐西蘭簽定「打工度假簽證」協定以來，迄今簽訂協定的國家已達18國。根據外交部統計，新冠疫情前(2017~2019)國人申請出國度假打工人數年均超過2.5萬人，以赴澳洲、日本、英國、韓國等國家居多。打工度假體驗對參與者影響，除了有自覺個人能力加強，一般常見的是語文能力，亦會在生涯規劃產生的影響，進而發現自己的興趣及潛能所在。本研究以赴日打工度假者為研究對象，探討其參與動機與回國後職涯發展。調查顯示參與前的日文程度，以「日文檢定N2」最多，且主要從事打工為「餐廳(含速食店)服務人員」。參與動機以想體驗異國生活與文化、想增進語言能力最高；認為想賺到人生第一桶金、可以紓解原本生活壓力的想法，是較低認同的。回國職涯發展構面，變項以能提升「職場抗壓性」、「語言能力」、「獨立性」為最認同，研究顯示在「求職競爭力」、「提升就業薪資方面」，認同度較低且未通過顯著性檢定。研究結論，可提供有意進行打工度假的青年學子與政府相關部門政策研擬之參考。

Working holiday is different from the general tourism, as it is both "work" and "leisure" in nature at the same time. In addition to traveling, the working experience of young people engaged in working holiday is also a meaningful and unique experience. Taiwan signed the first "Working Holiday Visa" agreement with Australia and New Zealand in 2004, and the number of countries that have signed such an agreement with Taiwan so far has reached 17. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, before the Covid-19 pandemic (from 2017 to 2019), the number of people applying for working holiday abroad averaged more than 25,000 per year, with most of them going to countries such as Australia, Japan, U.K., and South Korea. The impact of working holiday experience on the participants is not only the enhancement of their personal ability, which is usually language proficiency, but also the influence on their career planning, and as they have further discovered their own interests and potentials. In this study, the motivation of Japanese working holiday makers and their career development after returning to their home country were investigated. According to the survey, before participating in the working holiday, most of the participants’level of Japanese language proficiency was N2, and they were mainly engaged in part-time jobs as waiters in restaurants (including fast-food restaurants). The highest motivations for participating were the desires to experience foreign life and culture and to improve language proficiency, while the desires to earn the first bucket of money in life and to relieve the pressure of life was the less recognized motivation. In terms of returning to Taiwan for career development, the variables of enhancing stress resistance in the workplace, language proficiency and independence were the most recognized. The study showed that the recognition of job-seeking competitiveness and enhancing employment salary was lower and failed to pass the significance test. The conclusion of the study can provide a reference for young students who intend to take working holiday and the relevant government departments for policy development.