清代白蛇傳故事曲藝之流播探析——以現存文獻為主

The Analysis of Spread and Circulation about Qing Dynasty's Oral Arts of Legend of White Snake–Based upon the Current Existing Doucuments

白蛇傳是中國民間四大傳說故事之一，成型於明代馮夢龍《警世通言．白娘子永鎮雷峰塔》。後代演、述此故事者甚多，體裁遍佈小說、戲曲、講唱、時調、詩歌、散文、電視劇、電影、舞蹈等，橫跨雅、俗文學，廣受雅、俗世人喜愛。今日我們仍可見到不同藝術形式的白蛇傳故事，清代的傳播功不可沒。清代白蛇傳異文除小說、戲曲外，餘皆多屬於曲藝的範疇。曲藝是一門用口語說唱敘事的表演藝術，在文學史、藝術史上有著極其重要的地位。清代繁富的白蛇傳故事曲藝，大體故事基調不出成熟期文人之作，然亦有一己民間特有的風格與特色，甚而影響後世文人的創作或是為後世文人所襲用。因此，清代民間白蛇傳故事曲藝這股涓涓細流不可忽視。 筆者以傳播接受的視角，探討清代白蛇傳故事曲藝，拓展白蛇傳故事研究的面向。在細究文本之前，以現存文獻為主，先考察其流播，是為整體傳播接受的先理解，作為日後進一步探討的依據。

“Legend of White Snake”, one of China's Four Great Folktales, was developed from the“ The White Maiden Locked for Eternity in the Leifeng Pagoda”in Feng Menglong's“Jingshi Tongyan“ during the Ming Dynasty. The story has been performed and retold during the later ages through all kinds of forms including novels, operas, oral literature，folk songs, prose, television, films, dance, etc. It's adaptions includes refined literature and popular literature. The story has been enjoyed a lot by scholars and the common people. Even now, we can still find the“Legend of the White Snake”adapted by variant art forms. The circulation of this story in the Qing dynasty is hard to ignored. Except novels and operas, most variants of“Legend of White Snake”belong to the category of oral art. Oral Art (Qu-yi) is an art of story telling and singingperformance; it has a very important status in the literature history as well as in the art history. There were abundant oral arts of“Legend of White Snake”in Qing Dynasty. These oral arts' key note adopted from the literati's works during the mature periods. However, because of the nature of oral arts and the interaction with the spot audience during the process of circulation and reception, oral arts contain their special folk characteristic feature and style themselves about plot and characterization. So, oral arts impact the posterity works and even been taken over by the succeeding scholars. Therefore, the Qing's folk oral arts of“Legend of White Snake”is a trickle of stream which is hard to ignored. Through the perspective of circulation and reception, the author explores the oral arts about“Legend of White Snake”, in order to extend the studying dimensions of“Legend of White Snake”. Before detailed exploration, the investigation in spread and circulation of current existing documents is a foundation for future study.