「圖象批評」在晚明評點的運用——以孟稱舜為例

“Image criticism”the utilization of comments in the Ming Dynasty last years–Take Meng Chengshun as the example

本篇論文乃以晚明戲曲理論家孟稱舜為例，探究晚明時期戲曲評點在「圖象批評」的發展狀況與特殊現象。此一名詞延用黃永武《愛廬談文學.「圖象批評」與明代文評》一文，其「圖」字乃指實物、具體的、可見的圖形，「象」指可兼指精神的、抽象的、未可見的象徵。此一批評方法是指批評者經閱讀後，藉由一幅圖象作為批評他人詩文的方法，將詩文作品內容之抽象風格、特色、素質、優劣等，全部品評於一幅具體的圖象中，即為此法意涵。其法始於魏晉，直至明代，廣泛運用到各種批評文體中，包括戲曲批評。 本篇以孟稱舜《古今名劇合選》一書為研究中心，探究孟氏《柳枝集》、《酹江集》的分類意義，並分析選篇、分類與批評的思維理路，釐清圖象批評方式的運用。筆者從中瞭解孟氏的圖象批評運用有別於曲論家的方式，他先以婉麗、雄爽的語言風格分類為二，並在各劇前置入總評，除了選擇與戲曲情節相映的圖象批評強化語言特質外，並改變以往圖象敘述，從靜態轉移自動態風格。此外，除承接傳統詩話圖象批評層次的運用外，進一步以分析、比較的批評呈顯出細微的語言風格意涵。 明代曲論家自明初即以由圖象批評方式探究戲曲「語言風格」問題。然而，曲論者雖仍有曲源自詩、詞的觀念，但他們逐漸釐清戲曲人物塑造的意涵，以為戲曲語言特質，當以劇中人情感來作表現，而不單只有作者本人的情感而已，這種轉變也體現出戲曲在語言從本色、文采的論辨，進而走向文學性特質，這亦能說明明末曲論重心逐漸從曲論探究轉移自敘事文學理論的關注。

This paper is take the Ming Dynasty last years drama theoretician -Meng Chengshun as an example, Inquired into Ming Dynasty last years of the drama comments in“ image criticism”development condition and special phenomenon.This noun extended with Huang Yongwu -'' discussing the literature-“ image criticism”and comments of article in Ming Dynasty'',“The chart”refers to specific, the obvious graph，“The image”refers to the spiritual, abstractly, not the obvious symbol.This criticism method is refers to the criticism after reading ;criticizes of prose because of an image as the method,prose work content abstract style, characteristic, quality, superior ,inferior.Comments are completely in a concrete image.namely for this method significance. The method starts in the Wei Jin dynasty until Ming Dynasty.Widely utilizes in each kind of criticism literary style including the drama. This article takes Meng Chengshun- ''Ancient and modern Famous drama Edits'' as the research key,to inquire into Meng's- '' Liu Zhi Ji'' and ''Lei Jiang Ji''.and analyze the thinking mode of choose, classification and the criticism. Understands the way of image of criticism in utilization. The author understands the difference of Meng's“image criticism”and the drama critics. He first take language style of tactful, and the majestic as two kinds,and enters the overall commentary in each play .Choice the drama plot to strengthen language of special characteristics and changes the former image narration from static shift from dynamic. In addition, eliminates traditional poem the image criticism utilization analyzes, and compares with criticism furtherly of the language style slightly. The drama critics of the first year of Ming Dynasty reserched the question of“the language style”by“image criticism”.Although the drama commentary still had the idea of poem and word, But they distinguished the significance of drama characterization gradually.As the characteristic of drama language, presents the character's emotion in the play not only the emotion of the author. This kind of transformation also presents the drama language from the essence, the phraseology then moves towards literariness.This can also explain the point of drama comments of the Ming Dynasty last years is the shift from the research of drama to narrative literature theory gradually.