《文心雕龍》引道入文的理論效應

The Theoretical Effects of Applying Tao to Literature in“The Literary Mind：Elaborations”(文心雕龍)

先秦儒道所創立的「以道為中心」的哲學範型，導生「以道論文」的先聲。孔子論《詩》，義歸無邪，仍有道德教化之意，並未針對文學的特性立論。兩漢承之，文學批評以經義為依歸。這種把道引入文學批評的方式，雖未針對文學特性立論，但卻形成文學思考的主流，其中亦包蘊著以道作為文學理論底基的可能。 《文心雕龍》重新引道入文，首先便顧及文學的特性，全書開宗明義便以道之自然一義解釋文學的本源，為文學特性尋找形而上的基礎。由文學特性切入，論述經典的文學價值。經典不僅是聖人究明三才之道的結晶，更是道與文完美融合的文學作品，故可奉為文學的最高典範，以此照明文學走向的偏失。但劉勰意在構築一套照察文學整體的理論體系，不能簡單的停止於宗經，因此在以道照燭文學的思考中，再取道的簡易、不易、變易三義思考文學原理的可能，終於在文之樞紐論中提出四大原則：自然原則、體要原則、經典原則、通變原則。這四大原則俱有文學創作上的規範意義，故其原則必貫徹到創作的文體和文術的討論中。由文體論及文術論中一再顯現四大原則的蹤跡，可知四大原則所產生的理論效用，引道入文也因此不是一個無效概念。

The philosophical theory“philosophy is based on Tao,”which was firstly brought up in Confucianism and Taoism before Qin dynasty, gave birth to the beginning of“using Tao to criticize literature.”Confucius said the central meaning of The Book of Songs (詩經) is purity. This comment still contains morality; its focus is not on the characteristics of literature. The Han dynasty follows Confucius' thoughts, and literary criticism is based on the meanings of Five Books (五經). Although the way to apply Tao to literary criticism does not focus on the characteristics of literature, it has become the mainstream thoughts in literature, which contains the possibilities to make Tao as the foundation of literary theory. “The Literary Mind：Elaborations”(文心雕龍) reapplies Tao to literature, and firstly it emphasizes on the characteristics of literature. At the beginning, in order to find metaphysical ground for the characteristics of literature, it uses the nature of Tao to explain the origin of literature. It starts with the characteristics of literature, and arouses discourses on the literary value of classics. Classics are not only the crystallization that the saints explore Tao of san-cai(三才), but also the literary works in which Tao and literary art are perfectly combined. Therefore, it can be regarded as the highest paradigm of literature, and can be used to find out the mistakes of the literary trends. However, as Liou-Xie(劉勰)intended to construct a theoretical system to examine literature in general, he did not stop at the findings on classics. He took out the three meanings of Tao in the thoughts of using Tao to examine literature, which were the simplicity, the non-becoming, and the becoming, to think about the possibilities to find out literary principles. Consequently, he brought up four principles in the five chapters of Literature Key Position Theory(樞紐論) : natural(自然) principle, ti-iao(體要)principle, classic(經典) principle, tong-bian(通變)principle. All of these four principles contain the meaning of the norm on literary writings, so the principle must be implemented to the genres of writing and the discussion on literary skills. As their traces are shown again and again in uen-ti-luen(文體論)and uen-shu-luen(文術論), the theoretical effects of the four principles are easily observed, and applying Tao to literature is not a void concept.