識趣，空靈與情膩——論晚明文人的審美意識

Shi-qu(識趣),Kong-ling(空靈) and Qing-ni(情膩)–An Essay on the Aesthetic Consciousness of the Literati in the Late Ming Dynasty

晚明文人審美意識的表現，由涵養識趣之心，追尋空靈之美，轉為膩情於物的痴狂偏執，主體轉修證工夫為藝術品賞，煥發個體超俗越常的新異色彩。晚明清言在時代裂變與轉型的思潮中孕育，在審美意識的追尋與呈現，過度張揚才性主體的自主性，隱沒主體向上提昇的工夫，主體由虛靜流於情膩，由去執除縛的欣賞品味轉向有所偏執耽溺的愛賞姿態，空靈澹泊的審美境界，沾染膩情物象的偏執色彩。此與晚明文人審美意識的追尋與審美意趣的呈顯相符應。對清言的審美意識加以析論，有助於揭示晚明文人獨特的審美意識，本文藉由清言審美意識的分析，論述晚明文人審美意識的追尋與呈現。論述的途徑通過借境調心立閒適之樂、冷眼觀照全空靈之美及任真寄情成偏執之賞三者加以開展。

As presented from the aesthetic consciousness of the literati in the Late Ming Dynasty, not only the manners had metamorphosed from cultivating the tactful insight of appreciation (Shi-qu,識趣) and pursuing the beauty of the realms of spirituality (Kong-ling,空靈) into addicting themselves to stubbornly biased view on matter (Qing-ni,情膩), but the subjectivity had transformed from the endeavor of seeking perfection in ethical pursuits into the appreciation of art to yield unusually brilliant result of the individual's transcending worldliness and extraordinary taste. When in pursuit and presentation of the aesthetic consciousness, Qing- yan(清言) in the Late Ming, having been nourished from the prevailing trend of thoughts in such transitional and shifting period, overly publicized the freedom of in-born intelligence subjectivity and intentionally concealed the upward efforts of the morality subjectivity. Then the morality subjectivity itself had transformed from having an open and peaceful mind into indulging in material pleasure, and furthermore from having dispassionate and unbinding appreciation aesthetics into bigoted and sensual sentiment. Meanwhile, the tranquil and contented aesthetic attitudes were imbued with the stubborn indulgence and worldly desires. Accordingly, such basic spirit conformed to popular ideas for the pursuit and presentation of aesthetic consciousness. Herein, the thesis aims to make a thorough depiction and analysis of the aesthetic consciousness of Qing- yan to help manifest the peculiar aesthetic consciousness of the literati in the Late Ming, and to expound the pursuit and presentation of aesthetic consciousness of the literati in the Late Ming. Hence the approaches adopted here mainly fall on three arguments to clarity and explore the theme: To help take delight in leisurely and comfortable mood by means of leisurely fitting (Jie-jing-tiao-xin,借境調心), to help preserve the the beauty of the realms of spirituality(Kong-ling,空靈) by means of impartial observation(Leng-yan-guan-zhao, 冷眼觀照), and to help heap bigoted enjoyments by means of naive sentiment (Ren-zhen-ji-qing,任真寄情).