臺灣客家文學與客家學發展之研究

A Research on the Development of Taiwanese Hakka Literature and Hakkaology

中國文學在臺灣的發展已經近百年，臺灣在全球化之後，開始有本土文化之研究，經過鄉土文化論戰與鄉土文學書寫的提出，七0年代開始有「臺灣文學」此一名詞出現。此後，臺灣文學研究逐漸興盛，臺灣本土文學與文化研究日愈受到重視。八0年代之後，臺灣各大學漸漸設立「臺灣文學系」或「臺語文學系」等相關系所。然而，臺灣文學的興起背後，蘊含著臺灣人的政治意義，有某種程度與中國文學互相抗衡的意識；而且，起初臺灣文學的內涵並沒有一致的定義，只被窄化為「臺語文學」。於是，臺灣的族群中客家人開始建構臺灣文學中的「客家文學」，反對把客家文學排斥在臺灣文學之外。1988年客家人走上街頭的社會運動，使得「客家意識」蓬勃發展，「客家文學」與「客家學」之相關研究逐漸受到重視。 本文旨在探討八0年代臺灣「客家文學」與「客家學」的興起，是相應於「臺灣文學」而來的。由於臺灣近三十年來客家社會運動與客家意識勃興後，促使民間與政府逐漸重視客家學〈Hakkaology〉之研究，政府部門已成立「客家事務委員會」，各大學亦紛紛開設客家相關課程，成立以客家為名之客家學院或客家研究中心，設立客家相關系所，專責客家議題之研究與客家學人才之培養。加上臺灣客家意識的抬頭，運用客家語言的文學創作不斷出現，客籍作家的文學作品，集結成為臺灣的客家文學中重要的板塊，豐富了臺灣文學的多樣性；臺灣客家學的發展，亦帶動了臺灣客家文學進一步的發展。在此一新歷史契機下，客家文學與客家學之不斷發展，顯示臺灣正落實憲法注重多元文化與多元族群和諧發展之目標，配合全球化、國際化、跟世界接軌，朝建立臺灣成為世界客家研究之重鎮目標而邁進。 然而，甚麼是客家文學？客家語言、文學、文化或其他相關議題之研究有何限制？客家學研究的方法論為何？客家研究在人文社會科學中學術如何定位？尤其作為漢學研究之一環，客家文學與客家學之提出有其重要的歷史意義，因為臺灣是正統漢學的傳承者，保留最正統的華人文化，客家人定居臺灣後，使臺灣客家文化有了新風貌，臺灣的客家文學與客家學研究已經有豐富的成果，經由學術研究之彰顯，將其納入臺灣文學研究之中，可以豐富臺灣文學研究內涵。

The development of Chinese Literature in Taiwan has already gone through nearly over one hundred years. It has begun the research of native culture since it started globalizing in Taiwan. After the debate and the release of native culture, the name of“Taiwan Literature”was proposed during the Seventies. Hereafter, the research of Taiwan literature has been thriving. And there goes in high esteem on the Taiwan local cultures and literature. After the Eighties, there established“ the Department of Taiwan Literature”and“ the Department of Taiwan Languages”in the universities around the island. However, at the back of Taiwan Literature, there is some Taiwanese political meaning containing in it, which appears conflict consciousness against Chinese Literature to a certain degree. There was no unanimous definition in the intension of Taiwanese literature at the beginning of the campaign, only to be narrowly called“Taiwan language literature.”Then the Hakka people in the Taiwan family began to construct“Hakka Literature”in order to express their objection to repelling“Hakka literature”outside the literature of Taiwan. Hakka people made an appeal on the above issue on the street demonstrations in 1988. The Hakka Consciousness was budding and growing vigorously. Hakka Literature and Hakka Studies have been paid great attention to gradually. The text aims at probing into the rising study on“Hakka Literature”and“Hakkaology,”which responded to“Taiwan Literature”in the Eighties. It has been due to Hakka Social Movements and Hakka Consciousness growth in the past 30 years in Taiwan. The study of Hakkaology has become an important issue both in governmental and non-governmental affairs. There establishes Council for Hakka Affairs in Executive Yuan, there offer relevant curriculums in many universities, and there even set up Hakka College, Institutes, or Research Center on Hakka Issues, hoping to cultivate talents in this field. Under the promotion of Hakka literature, articles, topics, and lines on Hakka language hustle and bustle here and there. It gradually becomes an important plate in Taiwan Hakka Literature. Taiwan Hakka Literature not only enriches the variety of Taiwan Literature, the advancement of Hakka Literature, but also brings forth the development of Taiwan Literature. Under the new historical opportunity, the constant development of Hakka literature and Hakkaology represents that the government pays attention to the implementation of harmonious development of plural cultures and ethnicities under the basis of Constitution. By the globalization, internationalization, getting in touch with the world, Taiwan will have become an important place in Hakka Study in the world. What is Hakka Literature? What are the restrictions of researching Hakka language, literature, culture and/or other relevant issues? What is the methodology of Hakka research? What is the location of Hakka Research in the Humanity Society Science? As a chain of Sinology, the presentation of Hakka literature and Hakkaology shows great historic significance. Taiwanese are the passing on of orthodox Sinology persons, keeping the most orthodox Chinese culture. After the Hakka People have settled down on this land, they have made Taiwanese Hakka culture new styles and features. The frutiful achievements of Taiwanese Hakka Literature and Hakkaology reflect on a variety of Academy Researches. among universities and institutes around Taiwan island.