論袁宏道的自適

An Essay on Tzu-shih（自適）of Yuan Hung-tao（袁宏道）

晚明文人心態發生了前所未有的裂變與轉型，在生活方式、人生哲學、價值取向、審美情懷及文學藝術的創作範式，均表現出新、異的色彩，此與晚明自適說有著密不可分的關係。其中以袁宏道的自適說，對晚明自適文化變遷的影響最為深遠。故本文以袁宏道的自適說為論述核心，藉以考察晚明自適文化嬗變的軌跡。本文的論述分總論與分述二途。總論方面，以袁宏道自適說的轉變為考察重點，依循理事無礙的知見、事事無礙的沉滯以及隨緣任運的信持三方面加以論述；至於分述的部分，以自適說在文化上的表現為主，通過怡情自適的藝術、處世模式的映現與徘徊仕隱的姿態三方面的主題探討。彰顯袁宏道自適說在文學藝術、社會意識以及個人出處進退等課題的發用，不但對晚明自適文化產生深遠的影響，並且揭示了晚明自適文化嬗變的軌跡。

During the Late Ming, the minds of intellects metamorphose and transform unprecedentedly. Full of new and exotic colors, this change manifests itself in the intellects' life style, philosophy of life, value proclivities, aesthetics, and literature forms. This change is actually closely related to the various Tzu-shih theories (自適說) in the Late Ming. Among them, Yuan Hung-tao's (袁宏道) Tzu-shih theory most greatly influences the shifts of the Tzu-shih culture during the Late Ming. Therefore this paper centers on Yuan's Tzu-shih theory and examines the changing course of the various Tzu-shih theories in the Late Ming. This paper is divided into two parts: the General Discussion and the Separate Discussion. The General Discussion focuses on the shifts of Yuan's Tzu-shih theory, basing on three aspects: Yuan's understanding of the third Dharma-realm in which all phenomenal things are interfused with the nonmental principle (Li-shih-wu-ai, 理事無礙), his inability to reach the forth Dharma-realm in which all phenomenal things are mutually unhindered and interfused (Shih-shih-wu-ai, 事事無礙), and his attitudes of following conditions and spontaneity (Sui-yuan-jen-yun, 隨緣任運). The Separate Discussion centers on the cultural presentation of the Tzu-shih theories, exploring the theme from three perspectives: the self-expressive art, the presentation of social attitudes, and the free shifts between official positions and seclusion. This paper manifests that Yuan Hung-tao's Tzu-shih theory not only plays an important role in enlightening literary art, social consciousness and the individual's attitudes to going in and out of the society, but also greatly influences the Tzu-shih culture during the Late Ming. Meanwhile this paper also reveals the changing course of the Tzu-shih culture during the Late Ming.