有機磷農藥代噴灑作業勞工尿中代謝物生物偵測之研究

Biomonitoring of Urinary Organophosphate Metabolites for Pesticide-Spraying Workers in Planting Crop Farm

本研究目的為蒐集國內栽植作物混合農藥使用與噴灑作業之概況，以瞭解有機磷農藥的使用情形。同時，調查栽植作物噴灑作業勞工有機磷農藥的體內劑量，並藉由健康風險推估與生物偵測的研究成果，提供給相關單位參考，以作為將來訂定相關職場安全衛生管理之依據。
本研究共完整採集代噴灑作業勞工上班前及下班後分別各40個尿液樣本，並以氣相層析質譜儀進行有機磷農藥代謝物分析。研究發現，代噴灑作業勞工上、下班尿液中有機磷農藥代謝物濃度，均以二甲基硫代磷酸濃度為最高（上班前濃度為6,639.78±8,779.66 nmol/g creat.；下班後則為7,275.34±10,838.76 nmol/g creat.），其次為二甲基磷酸（上班前濃度為3,230.44±3,765.40 nmol/g creat.；下班後則為3,561.06±5,709.74 nmol/g creat.），二甲基二硫代磷酸則最低（上班前濃度為1,654.72±3,232.89 nmol/g creat.；下班後則為2,277.86±3,245.67 nmol/g creat.）。另外，所有甲基代謝物、所有乙基代謝物及所有代謝物總和，均是下班後尿液中的濃度較高。且甲基代謝物又比乙基代謝物濃度高出4倍以上。
此外由健康風險評估結果得知，以尿液代謝物濃度去推估勞工有機磷農藥的每日總暴露量（以陶斯松為準），上、下班每日總暴露量的平均值分別為163.54µg/kg/day和193.78µg/kg/day。若以陶斯松之BMD10/100值（發生率10％之劑量）14.8µg/kg/day相比較，有90％以上的人超過此劑量標準。有鑒於此，本研究發現作業勞工可能因不同暴露途徑而暴露到各種農藥，並可在其體內測得相對應之代謝物。因此，利用生物偵測的方法，直接測量人體來自不同環境介質暴露而得的體內濃度，更可有效反映整體環境農藥之暴露水準。同時，噴藥人員也應依規定接受農藥代噴技術人員的訓練，以建立正確的用藥安全及防護措施。

This study aims to gather information on the use of mixed pesticides in domestically grown crops and spraying practices to comprehend the application of organophosphorus pesticides. Simultaneously, it investi-gates the internal doses of these pesticides in workers involved in crop spraying operations.
In this study, a total of 40 urine samples were collected from workers before and after their spraying shifts, and GC/MS analysis revealed that DMTP had the highest concentration of organic phosphorus pesti-cide metabolites in both pre-shift and post-shift urine samples, followed by DMP, with DEDTP registering the lowest concentrations. The concentrations (mean±standard deviation) of the DMTP, DMP, and DEDTP before work were: DMTP: 6,639.78±8,779.66 nmol/g creat., DMP: 3,230.44±3,765.40 nmol/g creat., and DEDTP: 91.55±82.08 nmol/g creat.; the concentration after work is DMTP: 7,275.34±10,838.76 nmol/g creat., DMP: 3,561.06±5,709.74 nmol/g creat., and DEDTP: 75.18±65.50 nmol/g creat. Additionally, all methyl metabolites (DMAP), all ethyl metabolites (DEAP), and the total sum of metabolites were higher in post-shift urine samples. Methyl metabolites were over four times higher in concentration compared to ethyl metabolites.
Furthermore, health risk assessment results indicated that estimating workers daily total exposure to organic phosphorus pesticides based on urine metabolite concentrations (using malathion as a reference) showed an average daily total exposure of 163.54μg/kg/day before shifts and 193.78μg/kg/day after shifts. Compared to malathion's BMD10/100 value at 14.8μg/kg/day (dose resulting in a 10% incidence rate), over 90% of individuals exceeded this dosage standard.
In conclusion, this study suggests that workers might be exposed to various pesticides through different pathways, with corresponding metabolites detectable in their bodies. Utilizing biomonitoring methods to di-rectly measure internal concentrations from diverse environmental exposures can effectively reflect overall pesticide exposure levels. Simultaneously, pesticide applicators should undergo training as per regulations pro-vided by pesticide application technicians to establish correct pesticide usage safety and protective measures.