從教廷外交的觀點看中梵協議之內容、現況、影響和展望

The Content, Consequences, Outcomes, and Perspective of the Sino-Vatican Agreement from the Standpoint of Vatican Diplomacy

中梵於2018年9月22日在北京簽訂任命主教臨時協議，開啟了中梵關係新頁。簽約兩方基於協議屬實驗性質，同意不對外公開內容，兩年一期可續約，至今續約兩次。本研究目的以中梵協議實施情況為主軸發展，探索協議可能主要內容，實施運作流程、成果、障礙、產生的問題、未來展望，以及協議對兩岸四地華人天主教會政教關係和臺梵外交的影響。本研究觸及的主要議題有兩方面：一、中國政府與教會關係之層面，包含中國政府透過政治措施和法令規範因應協議實施後產生的問題，「一會一團」（愛國會和主教團）之角色，官方公開教會團體與地下團體之互動，以及協議對兩個團體的影響。二、教廷外交：為了維繫與中國政府的對話與中梵協議，一方面，教廷透過指令和教宗精神影響力引導中國神職接受協議安排；另一方面，教廷從事國際外交以拉近中梵關係。本研究以兩方面做出結論：一、從中梵協議實施的成果，歸納出對兩岸四地華人教會和政治外交之影響與未來展望；二、推斷出教廷為突破中梵關係之瓶頸階段，以回歸天主教會傳統的方式處理主教任命之問題。

Signed in Beijing on September 22nd, 2018, the Sino-Vatican Temporary Provisional Agreement on the Appointment of Bishops marked the beginning of a new chapter in Sino-Vatican relations. The two parties agreed to keep the content confidential during this mechanism’s“experimental”phase, with the possibility of renewing it once every two years. To date, two renewals have been completed. My article explores the potential content of the agreement, its procedural aspects, the consequential outcomes, the obstacles, the perspectives it envisions, and its impact on the relations between the Vatican and the Chinese Catholic Churches in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao, as well as on the relations between the Vatican and the Republic of China (ROC).
The study delves into two spheres: 1.Relations between Politics and the Church: This includes examining the political measures and juridical regulations employed by the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in response to the agreement’s implementation. The study investigates the roles of the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association and the Episcopal Conference, as well as the interactions between the Official Catholic Community and the Underground Community. 2.Vatican’s Role: The Vatican publishes directives and exercises the Pope’s spiritual influence to encourage Chinese clergy to accept the agreement. Simultaneously, it employs Pontifical diplomacy to strengthen Sino-Vatican relations.
This study leads to two points in the conclusion: 1. The outcomes of the implementation led to an understanding of the impact on the relations between Politics and the Chinese Catholic Churches. 2. The Holy See is following the tradition of the Catholic Church to address the problems in Episcopal nomination arising from the agreement.