碳達峰碳中和對全球氣候治理國際法律責任體系的重塑

Reshaping the International Legal Responsibility System for Global Climate Governance through Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality

全球氣候治理無法適用既有國際不法行為的國家責任和不加禁止行為的國家責任，且不能將一國政府對國內公民承擔的氣候治理責任視為全球氣候治理責任，因而亟須在國際法中建立適應全球氣候治理的國家責任機制。這種責任機制的構建應以實現氣候正義為根本目標。其中，最基本的正義和平等是保障國家、地區和個人的生存權，而不是優先發展。違反“保持控制升溫1. 5 攝氏度國際義務”，將會產生全球氣候治理的國際責任。這種義務的履行是國際社會的“共同責任”，該義務符合國際習慣的構成要件，本質是國際合作中產生的義務。碳達峰碳中和目標的實現取決於國際社會能否有效合作，需要創設全球氣候治理國際合作法律義務，包括事先合作義務和事後合作義務。國家未履行該國際合作義務，應承擔國家預防責任、國家預防—補償責任、國家補償責任。這種氣候治理分層式國家責任並不是制裁機制，其兼顧了各國的利益訴求，是國際合作博弈所產生的法律後果，實施相對方便，能有效督促國家積極履行碳減排國際合作和預防義務，彌補國際碳市場的缺陷，有利於促進國際強制碳減排目標有效實現。我國應積極參與全球氣候治理的國際合作，推動全球氣候治理領域的國際合作落實為國際義務。

The existing international legal responsibilities for nations in global climate governance, based on both unlawful acts and the absence of prohibitive conducts, are insufficient. The responsibilities of a nation􀆶s government towards its domestic citizens for climate governance cannot be regarded as a global climate governance obligation. There is an urgent need to establish a national responsibility mechanism in international law that adapts to global climate governance. The construction of such a mechanism should prioritize the fundamental goal of achieving climate justice. The core principles of justice and equality, safeguarding the right to survival for nations, regions, and individuals, should take precedence over development priorities. Violating the“international obligation to limit the temperature increase to 1. 5 degrees Celsius”results in international responsibility for global climate governance. The fulfillment of this obligation constitutes the“common responsibility”of the international community, meeting the constitutive elements of customary international law, and arising from obligations generated through international cooperation. The realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals depends on the effective collaboration of the international community, necessitating the establishment of legal obligations for international cooperation in global climate governance, including pre-cooperation and postcooperation obligations. Nations failing to fulfill these international cooperation obligations should bear national preventive responsibility, national preventive - compensatory responsibility, or national compensatory responsibility. This tiered system of national responsibility for climate governance accommodates the interests of all nations. It is not a punitive mechanism but a legal consequence of international cooperation games. It is relatively easy to implement and effectively encourages nations to actively fulfill international obligations for carbon reduction cooperation and preventive responsibilities. This system helps address flaws in the international carbon market, promoting the effective realization of international mandatory carbon reduction goals. China should actively engage in international cooperation for global climate governance, advocating for the transformation of international cooperation in the field of global climate governance into international obligations.