論集體量刑傾向對自由裁量權的塑造

On the Influence of Collective Sentencing Tendency on Judicial Discretion

集體量刑傾向是指，在一定轄區內，法官集體在量刑決策上表現出一致性的量刑規律。集體量刑傾向既可能來源於法官集體基於刑罰目的和司法環境作出的共同理性決策，也可以來源於法官集體基於社會學習的從眾模仿。基於對北京市16個基層法院審理的六類刑事案件的量刑實證研究發現，“審理案件的法院不同”能夠解釋相當一部分的量刑差異，在許多罪名的量刑中，其影響幅度顯著大於“審理案件的法官不同”對量刑結果的影響。同時，轄區內的經濟社會發展狀況、治安形勢與司法環境不能解釋大多數案件的量刑差異。因此，基於社會學習的從眾模仿是形成集體量刑傾向的主要原因。未來的量刑規範化改革需要將關注焦點從個體量刑決策轉向集體量刑傾向，突破規制法官個體自由裁量權的單一視角，同時警惕意見環境下法官個體量刑決策的從眾壓力，以此實現宏觀層面的量刑均衡與公正。

Collective sentencing tendency refers to the consistency in sentencing decisions exhibited by a group of judges within a certain jurisdiction. This tendency can arise either from the judges' collective rational decision－making based on the purpose of punishment and the judicial environment or from conformist imitation based on social learning. An empirical study of sentencing in six types of criminal cases handled by 16 grassroots courts in Beijing found that ''differences in the courts handling the cases'' could explain a significant part of the variability in sentencing. The impact of this factor on sentencing for many types of crimes was notably greater than that of '' differences in the judges handling the cases''. Moreover, factors like the economic development status, public security situation, and judicial environment within the jurisdiction could not explain most of the sentencing discrepancies. Therefore, conformist imitation based on social learning is the main reason for the formation of collective sentencing tendencies. Future reforms in sentencing standardization should shift the focus from individual sentencing decisions to collective tendencies. This shift requires breaking through the singular perspective of individual judges' discretion, being wary of the conformist pressure in judicial subcultures, and aiming to achieve macro－level sentencing balance and justice.