“婚姻締結”與“結婚登記”的二元化規制——《民法典》第1049條的法教義學重構

The Dual Normative Structure of Marriage Conclusion: the Doctrinal Interpretation of Article 1049 of the Chinese Civil Code

目前民法學界通說將結婚登記單純解讀為締結婚姻的形式要件。《民法典》第1049條採用了“確立婚姻關係”的立法表達，學理上未清晰區分私法層面上的“婚姻締結”與公法層面上的“結婚登記”。從司法實務來看，此種一元結構並不足以釐清婚姻締結與婚姻登記之間的規範關係，而我國所特有的“補辦登記”制度又加劇了理解上的混亂。規範上需要明確結婚登記作為行政確認的本質，並將其目的限於對所締結婚姻關係的對外公示。而對婚姻內部當事人權利義務關係的判定則應當回歸私法，以當事人意思為優先考量因素。同時“補辦（結婚）登記”的實質意義也需要在此二元結構上予以進一步的細化。出於對個人權利與社會信賴的平衡，可以借鑒登記對抗主義的原理為該條的司法適用構建基本的規範框架。

According to the general theory, marriage registration is simply interpreted as the formal requirements for the conclusion of marriage. Article 1049 of the Chinese Civil Code adopts the expression of ''a marital relationship shall be established upon completion of the marriage registration'', and there is no clear distinction between ''marriage conclusion'' and ''marriage registration''. From the perspective of judicial practice, this unitary structure is not enough to clarify the normative relationship between marriage conclusion and marriage registration, and the unique ''post－registration'' norm has exacerbated the confusion in understanding. Normatively, it is necessary to clarify the nature of marriage registration as administrative confirmation and limit its purpose to the public announcement of the concluded marriage relationship. The determination of the rights and obligations of the parties within marriage should return to private law, with the will of the parties as the priority consideration. At the same time, the substantive meaning of ''post－registration'' also needs to be further refined in this binary structure. In order to balance individual rights and social trust, we can draw on the principle of registration antagonism to construct a basic normative framework for the judicial application of Article 1049.