政法體制中的黨政關係，以黨政合署改革切入

黨政關係是社會主義國家憲制的基石之一。新中國後黨政關係不斷演變，“八二憲法”確認了政治上的“黨政分開”主張，突出了全國人大及其常委會的權威，党的領導收縮到政治、思想和組織層面上。這一黨政關係框架無法很好地適應改革任務，尤其是人民的訴求難以在日益精巧的法律制度中得到合理回應，新時代需要黨政關係的再度調整，以黨政合署為特色的機構改革是實現党的領導的重要方式。黨的機構和國家機構分別掌管適合由自己來行使的權力，在某種意義上意味著從“黨政分開”回到“黨政分工”。党不僅擁有指向未來的時間性代表，也有避免政黨官僚化的機制保證，以實現對人民的實質代表，促進人民的政治代表與法律代表的互動，從而補充以國家制度為核心的合法性鏈條，並進一步發展党領導下的人民代表大會制度。當然，所有的權力都應受到制約，執政黨的政治責任體系對合署機關行為的審查和監督不可忽視。

The relationship between the CPC and the government is one of the cornerstones of China’s socialist constitutional system, and has taken on different forms in different periods: the relationship between the party and the government has continued to evolve after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and the“1982 Constitution”confirmed the political proposition of“separation of party and government”, highlighting the the authority of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, and the CPC’s leadership has shrunk to the political, ideological and organizational realms. This framework of party-government relations cannot well adapt to the tasks of reform. In particular, it is difficult for the people’s demands to be reasonably responded to in the increasingly sophisticated legal system. In response to the need to re-adjust the party-government relationship in the New Era, the Institutional reform characterized by the joint office system is an important way to realize the party’s leadership, in which party institutions and state institutions are respectively in charge of powers that are suitable for them to exercise. In a sense, it means returning from“separation of party and government”to“division of labor between party and government.”Through the joint office system, the CPC, with temporal representation pointing to the future and institutional guarantees to avoid bureaucratization, can improve the substantive representation of the people and promote the interaction between the people’s political representatives and legal representatives, thus optimizing the legality chain centered on the state system, and further developing the People’s Congress system under the leadership of the party. Of course, all power should be subject to constraints. The actions of joint agencies should be subject to the review and supervision of CPC’s political accountability system.