民生權內含權能的法理分析

民生權是人們在保全自我、經營生計基礎上實現幸福生活的權利。民生權可以分解為四項基本權能：自我保全、正當生存的權利，涵括生命權、生存權、人格尊嚴權等權利類型；經營生活、規劃生計的權利，勞動及擇業權、締結婚姻與組建家庭權、私有財產權以及個人在生計上的自我決定權屬於此一權能涵攝的範圍；源於國家供給和支持的受益權利，國家和社會必須通過生態環境保護、公共資源提供以及發展機會供給等讓人們從中得益；為弱者提供法律支持的社會權利，主要有社會保障權、社會保險權、社會救助權等類型。民生權利既是不受外部干涉的消極權利，又是需要國家和社會予以幫助的積極權利；既有自然權利的底色，又有社會權利的特質；既強調國家和社會作為義務主體的應盡職責，也明確了個人在民生權實現上的自我責任。

The right to livelihood means people have the right to live a happy life on the basis of self-preservation and livelihood management. It can be divided into four basic rights: first, the right to self-preservation and legitimate survival, which includes the right to life, the right to survival, the right to personal dignity, etc.; second, the right to manage life and subsistence, which includes the right to work and choose a job, the right to marry and form a family, the right to private property, and the right to their own means of subsistence; third, the beneficial right provided by the state supply and support, which means that the state and society must ensure people’s beneficial interest from ecological environment protection, public resource management and development opportunities provided etc.; and fourth, the social right to provide legal aid to the weak, which includes social security rights, social insurance rights, social assistance rights, etc. The right to livelihood is not only the negative right that is freedom from external interference, but also the positive right that requires support from the state and society. The right to livelihood not only has background of natural right, but also shows characteristic of social right. The right to livelihood not only emphasizes responsibilities of the state and society as the subject of obligation, but also identifies self-responsibilities of the individual in realizing right to livelihood.