歷史、記憶、文本敘事──常熟東平孚應王寶卷與廟會

History, Memory and Textual Narrative–Baojuans of Kings, Dongping and Fuying, and Temple Fairs in Changsu

歷史，是一個不斷歷經解構、重構與詮釋的過程。而文本敘事，則是一種記憶與經驗的重新述說。當被國家認可的「雙忠」張巡許遠，成為護國佑民英靈的歷史正統時，地方性知識，如何在不同的述說中，重新生成故事，並與它的處境重新發生關係。
本文以常熟東平王、孚應王及小王寶卷，檢視地方志的相關記錄，探查張巡許遠的雙忠信仰，與常熟社神信仰的嫁接融合過程，梳理代表忠烈的「雙廟」國家祭祀，隨著時空轉移，卻因靈驗應許而與常熟地方神靈逐漸合一，轉變為東平忠靖王、斬鬼張真君、岳瀆厲鬼、青魈菩薩。
常熟寶卷文本敘事中，與張巡許遠的歷史正統正確性大多是斷裂的，「設卷成神」只為了保留常熟民眾特有的記憶；而「為神造卷」又將「東平王」、「孚應王」重歸於歷史主流話語脈絡之中，使常熟一地的社神與雙忠信仰產生連結。而這些寶卷記錄常熟做社活動的一手資料，不只非常少見，彌足珍貴，有助於我們了解今日常熟地區社神信仰的樣貌。

History is a process of constantly experiencing deconstruction, reconstruction and interpretation; nevertheless, textual narrative is to anew recount memories and experiences. When the pair of nation-recognized royalists, Zhangxun and Xuyuan, became the orthodox of heroic spirit of protecting nation and blessing people, it is worthwhile to know how local knowledge was used, in different narratives, to reconstruct stories and to create relationship with the context again.
This research uses the Baojuans about King Dongping, King Fuying and little kings in Changsu to inspect the realated records in local chronicles and to investigate the process how the belief of the “two-royalist”, Zhangxun and Xuyuan. Integrated with the belief of land god in Changsu. Besides, this research organizes and concludes the “pair of temples”, icon of the royalty, in national worship had gradually unified with the local gods as space-time shifting. As a result, they were transformed into King Dongping Zhongjing, Ghost Zhang Zhenjun, ferocious ghosts in mountains and Qingxiao Buddha.
In the textual narratives of Changsu Baojuans, the correctness of the historically orthodox icons Zhangxun and Xuyuan is almost broken. “Creating texts to form gods” was only to preserve the unique memories of Changsu people; instead, “Creating texts for gods” returned King Dongping and King Fuying back to the mainstream context of discourse which created the connection between the two believes of the land god and the “pair of royalists” around Changsu area. However, the first-hand Baojuans recording the worship activities in Changsu are rare and precious, and which help understand the appearance of current local believes in Changsu area.