由概念隱喻觀點論《莊子・養生主》

Focusing on Analyzing Health Master of Zhuang Zi with Conceptual Metaphor

《莊子》對於中國哲學的貢獻深遠流長、歷久彌新，其構思奇特、豐富多彩的寓言，使之成為具有富含啟發性及道德教育價值的經典。莊子作為道家學說創始者之一，其所提出問題及解答，深具永恆且具普遍性的智慧。莊子將故事形象加以隱喻化，使抽象的概念思維具象化，讓讀者能更確切地掌握意涵。歷代治《莊》論著甚多，惟主要集中於校勘註釋、義理闡述、考據訓詁，近世研究更加多元，延伸擴展至文學、美學及語言學等。隨著二十世紀認知科學的興起，認知語言學的隱喻觀逐漸發展並受到關注，George Lakoff與Mark Johnson在《Metaphors we live by》中提到，隱喻是用一種事物來理解或體驗另一種事物的方式，此處的「隱喻」可稱之為「概念隱喻」或「認知隱喻」，與修辭學中的「隱喻」（譬喻）大不相同。概念隱喻可分為方位隱喻（orientational metaphors）、實體隱喻（ontological metaphors）、結構隱喻（structural metaphors）三種。由Lakoff與Johnson首要提出以認知語言學的視角將隱喻深入分析，並擴張發展成人類一種普遍的語言能力和思維方式。故本文擬以《莊子》之〈養生主〉為探討對象，運用認知語言學的「概念隱喻」當作研究進路，通過認知層面的分析探討，由「來源域」、「目標域」及兩域之間的「映射」過程，企圖進一步探究〈養生主〉心理運作的深層結構。概念隱喻作為語言現象，不僅是一種語言表達，更是人類普遍的認知方式。透過分析〈養生主〉，希冀解讀莊子欲闡述的「道」，以及讀者所認知的「道」，進而從中國傳統文化的角度，爬梳其認知隱喻的共性所在。

Zhuangzi being a classic work which provides enlightening and educational value is considered to made many contributions to Chinese philosophy. Zhuangzi who is regarded as one of the founders of Taoism wrote rich fables. The questions and answers he put forward are eternal and considered universal wisdom. Zhuangzi metaphorized stories to make abstract concepts concrete and easy to understand, and to allow readers to better grasp its meaning. Over the past dynasties, there have been a lot of research on Zhuangzi, mainly focusing on collation and observation, rationale elaboration, textual exegesis, etc. In recent years, it has developed, diversified and extended to the fields of literature, aesthetics and linguistics. With the rise of cognitive science in the 20th century, the metaphor-view of cognitive linguistics has gradually developed and attracted attention from a wider audiences. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson mentioned in Metaphors We Live By that metaphor is the use of one thing to understand or experience another. In this way, the ''metaphor'' here is ''conceptual metaphor'', which is different from the ''metaphor'' in rhetoric. Conceptual metaphors can be divided into orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors, and structural metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson first proposed in-depth analysis of metaphors from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, and developed it into a universal linguistic ability and way of thinking for human beings. Therefore, this article takes ''Nourishing the Lord of Life (yangshengzhu)'' in Zhuangzi as the research object, and uses the ''conceptual metaphor'' of cognitive linguistics as a research approach to analyze the cognitive level, from the ''source domain'', the ''target domain'' and the ''mapping domain''. The process of ''mapping'' further explores the deep-seated structure of the mental operation of ''Nourishing the Lord of Life (yangshengzhu)''. As a linguistic phenomenon, conceptual metaphor is not only a linguistic expression, but also a universal way of cognition. Through the analysis of ''Nourishing the Lord of Life (yangshengzhu)'', I hope to analyse the ''Tao'' presented by Zhuangzi and the ''Tao'' that readers perceive, and then sort out the commonalities of its cognitive metaphors from the perspective of traditional Chinese culture.