美國簽署自由貿易協定的勞工條款制度分析

An Institutional Analysis of Labor Provisions in Free Trade Agreements Signed by United States with Other Countries

本文從「制度分析」的角度，分析美國已經簽署14項FTA之「勞工條款」的制度途徑，進而探討未來臺灣與美國在洽談「台美21世紀貿易倡議」時，可行的「勞工條款」制度。研究發現，在美國簽署的14項FTA的勞工條款中，有12項勞工條款的制度途徑都是：以「條件性制度途徑」的二項機制為主、「促進性制度途徑」的「合作機制」為輔，而這種特殊的勞工條款制度途徑，不僅具有「第三方申訴的仲裁機制」，而且具有「制裁機制」，更必須關注的重點是，近期於2020年開始施行的「USMCA模式」還增訂了「特定勞工事務快速反應機制」，使得美國所建構的勞工條款模式，已經成為國際上具有高標準監督執行機制的勞工條款。另外，在14項勞工條款中，有13項勞工條款的共同承諾都包括：「ILO1998年工作基本原則與權利宣言」、「可接受的工作條件」、「強制執行本國的勞動法律」、「不減弱勞動法律」，新近施行的「USMCA模式」，還增加了ILO的「2008年公平全球化的社會正義宣言」以及「禁止強迫勞動與童工條款」，這些共同承諾，使得美國簽署的勞工條款模式，成為全世界最高標準共同承諾的勞工條款。

This article aims to analyze the institutional approach of the ''labor provisions'' of the 14 Free Trade Agreements that the United States has signed from the perspective of ''institutional analysis'', and then discusses the feasible labor provisions institution when Taiwan and the United States negotiate and sign bilateral Taiwan-US 21st Century Trade Initiative in the future. The study found that among the 14 FTA labor provisions signed by the United States, 12 of the labor provisions have the institutional approaches: the two mechanisms of the ''conditional institutional approach'' and the ''cooperative mechanism'' of the ''promotional institutional approach''. ''As a supplement, this special labor provision system not only has an ''arbitration mechanism for third-party complaints'' but also a ''sanction mechanism'', what must be paid more attention to is the ''USMCA model'' that implemented recently in 2020 the Facility-Specific Rapid Response Labor Mechanism, so that the labor provision model constructed by the United States has become a labor provision with a high-standard supervision and implementation mechanism in the world. In addition, among the 14 labor provisions, there are 13 labor provisions including the common commitments: ''ILO 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work'', ''Acceptable Working Conditions'', ''Enforcing the Domestic Labor Laws '', ''No Weakening Labor Laws'', the newly implemented ''USMCA Model'', also added the ILO's ''2008 Social Justice Declaration for a Fair Globalization'' and ''Prohibition of Forced and Child Labor Clauses'' , has become the highest standard of labor provision in the world.