困於夾縫中的勞動者如何生存：以社會排除與社會資本理論探討鄉村中高齡婦女勞動型態

How to Survive from Trapping in the Cracks of Labor Market: Using Social Exclusion and Social Capital Theories to Explore the Labor Patterns of Middle-Aged and Elderly Women in Rural Areas

本研究以社會排除與社會資本理論探討鄉村地區中高齡婦女就業困境及解決方式。主要採深度訪談法，邀請十二位45-65歲居住於鄉村地區的中高齡婦女，並以主題分析法建構出社會排除與社會資本在鄉村中高齡婦女就業過程之圖像。研究結果顯示：1.鄉村地區的中高齡婦女確實有多重性社會排除的經驗，透過社會資本，有助於其獲取多重兼職，以降低社會排除；2.婦女的社會資本雖有助於減緩多重性社會排除，但卻對其職業地位及改善工作環境的幫助有限；3.鄉村地區的鄰里網絡除了可以傳遞臨時就業資訊外，亦具有照顧分工的效果，有利於婦女進行兼職工作。據此，本研究提出以下建議：1.政府應重視中高齡婦女不同區域特性的就業政策，亦即就業服務政策，應隨著地區產業結構與特性的不同因地制宜，以使婦女能夠獲得合適的就業幫助；2.適度於鄉村地區扶持社區發展協會等連結型社會資本，有助於讓鄉村中高齡婦女獲得更好的工作環境，以降低社會排除帶來的負面影響。

The present study primarily explored the employment challenges and solutions for middle-aged and elderly women in rural areas through the perspectives of social exclusion and social capital theories. Interviews were employed from twelve women aged 45-65 who live in rural areas. Thematic analysis was applied to construct a visual representation of the processes of social exclusion and social capital regarding the employment of middle-aged and elderly women in rural areas. The research findings were followings: 1. Middle-aged and elderly women in rural areas do experience multiple forms of social exclusion, and social capital helps them secure multiple part-time jobs to decrease social exclusion. 2. While women's social capital help to overcome multiple forms of social exclusion, its impact on their occupational status and improvement of working conditions is limited. 3. Neighborhood networks in rural areas not only transmit temporary employment information but also have an effect of sharing jobs. These networks facilitate women in engaging in part-time jobs. Based on these findings, the study proposes the following suggestions: 1. The government should pay attention to the employment policies, specifically employment service policies, for middle-aged and elderly women with different regional characteristics. Tailoring policies according to the varying industrial structures and characteristics of different regions will help women receive appropriate employment assistance. 2. Appropriate support for community associations and various networks in rural areas can contribute to enhance social capital, create better working environments and mitigate the negative impacts of social exclusion among middle-aged and elderly women.