海洋環境保護義務與對世義務之關係辨析

Discerning the Relationship between the Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment and the Obligation Erga Omnes

對世義務是國際法中保護共同體利益的一種義務性規範，由國際法院創設並呈現發展的態勢。在海洋環境保護領域，承認海洋環境保護義務是對世義務的司法實踐有限，理論上形成了海洋環境保護義務是對世義務還是備選對世義務的爭議。目前關於對世義務具體內涵的認定標準存在習慣國際法之強行法標準、國際司法實踐之司法判例標準以及國際公法學家之學說標準。不可否認，隨著國際司法實踐的進一步發展，運用對世義務保護公海和國際海底區域的海洋環境具有可能性。但運用對世義務保護海洋環境仍面臨著強行法規範認定困難、國家實踐證明闕如，以及對世義務外延不明等挑戰。目前，海洋環境保護義務仍是一項備選對世義務，需要國際實踐進行檢視。

The obligation erga omnes is an obligatory norm of protecting the interests of the community in international law, created and developed by the International Court of Justice. In the field of marine environmental protection, there is limited judicial practice recognising marine environmental protection obligations as obligations erga omnes, which has led to a theoretical controversy as to whether marine environmental protection obligations form erga omnes obligations or alternative erga omnes obligations. There are currently standards of jus cogens in customary international law, jurisprudence in international judicial practice and doctrine of public international jurists to determine the specific content of the obligation. It is undeniable that with the further development of international judicial practice, it is possible to apply the obligation to prated the marine environment on the high seas and in the international seabed area. However, the application of obligations erga omnes to protect the marine environment still faces challenges such as the difficulty of identifying jus cogens norms, the lack of evidence of State practice and the lack of clarity as to the scope of obligations erga omnes. For the time being, the obligation to protect the marine environment remains an alternative obligation erga omnes, which needs to be reviewed in international practice.