從國際規範趨勢到國內實踐──健康權之內涵探究

Exploring the substance of the right to health: From International Normative Trends to Domestic Practices

健康除了是人類之基本欲求，更是一切存續之基礎，不論是建立健全的醫療體系，甚至是因應疫情而進行預防接種，無一不牽涉到此議題。鑒於健康直接關乎個人存續及生活，因此如何維繫個人乃至於民族健康？無疑會是公共政策與法制上的重大課題。對於健康議題早於1946年即引起世界衛生組織的重視，並隨之提出「健康權」的概念，嗣後於1966年《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》中將健康權定位為實質性權利，至此，健康權已獲國際認可並於各該國際文書中提及，然而即便在國際上，健康權已得到不同程度地承認，但在我國，此一用語仍顯陌生，直到近期相關釋憲實務見解始獲確認，惟縱使實務上肯定「健康權」，其於規範上應有何內涵並如何開展？仍是個值得深入研究之課題，斟酌近來我國戮力於人權治國並積極與國際人權接軌，因此，本文嘗試從國際規範趨勢之角度切入，配合相關學理及實務見解，釐清健康權應具備之內涵，並據此回應大法官解釋中對於健康權之保護意旨，期望透過此等努力，有望於法治與人權保障之路上更邁前一步，並提供國家發展和社會進步之啟發。

Health is not merely a fundamental human need but also a cornerstone of survival. Whether in the construction of a medical system or the implementation of vaccination programs in response to pandemics are linked to health-related issues. The well-being of both the physical and mental aspects is essential for the smooth conduct of daily life, social interaction, and participation in work, so addressing how to maintain the health of individuals and the public becomes a significant challenge in policy and legal systems. The concept of right to health was first introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1946, and was recognized as a substantive right in the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1966. Since then, this right has gained widespread recognition internationally and has been referenced in various international documents. Despite its recognition at the international level, the term remains relatively unfamiliar in our country until recently, a period that was affirmed with relevant judicial interpretations. However, with the affirmation of the right to health in judicial interpretations, the specific content and direction for its development in regulations become the focus of this study. Considering our country’s recent commitment to a governance strategy grounded in human rights and active alignment with international human rights standards, this paper aims to analyze the Right to Health from the perspective of international normative trends, combined it with academic theory and case analysis. Furthermore, this paper seeks to address the intent behind the constitutional interpretation to protect the Right to Health, clarifying its position within our legal system. Through comprehensive scrutiny of the Right to Health, this paper intends to contribute constructive perspectives and recommendations for ensuring health protection under the ambit of the law.